类胡萝卜素在动物体内的代谢

综述动物对类胡萝卜素的吸收方式、类胡萝卜素在畜禽体内的断裂机制、转运方式和载体以及沉积部位。     

黄羽肉鸡青胫性状变化规律及遗传分析

实验旨在研究遗传与非遗传因素与黄羽肉鸡青胫的关系。选用1日龄黄羽肉鸡1 950只,随机分为全价料、自配料和药物组,饲养至21、45日龄统计青胫比例。翅下静脉采集30只黄羽黄胫和26只黄羽青胫肉鸡血样,并以40只罗曼鸡、15只尼克鸡为黄胫对照,以15只略阳乌鸡为青胫对照,研究黄皮肤基因BCDO2的分布情况及Id位点2个SNP(Id_SNP和B4G_SNP)与青胫的关联性。结果表明:全价料和自配料组青胫比例随日龄的增加而显著降低(P<0.05),但药物组青胫比例变化不明显(P>0.05);21 d时,药物组青胫比例(49.8%)显著低于全价料(55.8%)和自配料组(61.1%)(P<0.05);45 d时,全价料组青胫比例(28.5%)最低。Id_SNP基因型在各群体中的分布差异不显著(P>0.05),但B4G_SNP的AA型只在带有青胫表型的黄羽肉鸡和略阳乌鸡群体中出现。本研究证实日龄、饲料及药物对青胫外显率具有一定影响,这种影响可能通过类胡萝卜素与黄皮肤基因间的互作来实现。     

不同栽培条件对水芹菜营养成分含量的影响

[目的]研究不同栽培条件对水芹菜营养成分含量的影响,为水芹菜栽培技术的改进与优化提供依据。[方法]对比了不同栽培条件以及施肥条件下水芹菜可食用部位类胡萝卜素、膳食纤维、总糖、总黄酮、维生素C等营养元素的含量差异。[结果]栽培条件的不同对水芹菜营养元素含量有明显的影响,基质无土栽培优于土培与水培,尿素(60 kg/hm~2)+硫酸钾(45 kg/hm~2)与尿素(75 kg/hm~2)+硫酸钾(60 kg/hm~2)的追肥方案具有更好的效果,菌肥短期效果不佳。[结论]该研究初步找到了一种水芹菜优质高产栽培方法。     

The nuclear–cytoplasmic interaction controls carotenoid content in wheat

In greenhouse studies of three alloplasmic wheat series, plant height, flowering date and yield per plant were least affected when the native cytoplasm was replaced by donor cytoplasm of the Triticum–Aegilops complex than when replaced by Hordeum chilense cytoplasm. On the other hand, significant differences for seed lutein content were found between euplasmic controls and their respective alloplasmic lines in all the alloplasmic lines studied, underscoring the important role of the cytoplasm to determine the seed carotenoid content. Both T. aestivum subesp. macha and Ae. squarrosa cytoplasms increased the lutein content. They may be the most useful sources of cytoplasmic variability for broadening the genetic diversity of wheat for seed carotenoid content since both cytoplasm types do not produce any detrimental effect on agronomic traits, as previously reported by other researchers. These findings demonstrate the role of the nuclear × cytoplasm interaction in the accumulation of carotenoids in wheat.     

Carotenoid Composition of Jackfruit (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Artocarpus heterophyllus</Emphasis>), Determined by HPLC-PDA-MS/MS

Carotenoids are pigments responsible for the yellow-reddish color of many foods and are related to important functions and physiological actions, preventing several chronic-degenerative diseases. The objective of this study was to confirm the carotenoid composition of jackfruit by high-performance liquid chromatography connected to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS). The main carotenoids were all-trans-lutein (24–44%), all-trans-β-carotene (24–30%), all-trans-neoxanthin (4–19%), 9-cis-neoxanthin (4–9%) and 9-cis-violaxanthin (4–10%). Either qualitative or quantitative differences, mainly related to the lutein proportion, were found among three batches of jackfruit. Since the fruits from batch A showed significantly lower contents for almost all carotenoids, it also had the lowest total carotenoid content (34.1 μg/100 g) and provitamin A value, whereas the total carotenoid ranged from 129.0 to 150.3 μg/100 g in the other batches. The provitamin A values from batches B and C were 3.3 and 4.3 μg RAE/100 g, respectively. The carotenoid composition of jackfruit was successfully determined, where 14 of the 18 identified carotenoids were reported for first time. Differences among batches may be due to genetic and/or agricultural factors.     

黄金枸骨变色期的叶色与叶片光合色素含量关系研究

为研究黄金枸骨叶色在遮荫下变色的问题,通过盆栽试验,利用人工遮荫使叶色变化,观测叶色转变期的色素变化。结果表明:叶色由黄变绿的过程中,叶色参数L,a,b值显著下降(P<0.05),花色素苷含量呈显著上升的趋势(P<0.05);叶色、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和花色素苷之间呈显著正相关性(P<0.05),类胡萝卜素与其他指标为负相关性,说明这些指标的变化最终决定或影响了叶色的变化。通过分析各生理指标的变化情况,发现黄金枸骨叶色转变的根本原因是叶绿素与类胡萝卜素比值的变化,叶片中叶绿素含量增多,提高了叶绿素与类胡萝卜素的比值,使叶色变绿。     

白菜型油菜八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因PDS3的克隆与序列分析

利用电子克隆技术,从数据库中找到与拟南芥高度同源的油菜EST序列,继而通过RT-PCR和RACE等方法,成功克隆了白菜型油菜八氢番茄红素脱氢酶（类胡萝卜素合成途径中的一个关键限速酶）基因PDS3的cDNA,命名为BrPDS3（GenBank 登记号GQ200741）。cDNA序列全长1940bp,其中包含114bp的5’前导序列和134bp的3’不翻译序列,编码区长度为1 692bp,编码63kD的蛋白。序列分析表明,BrPDS3蛋白与其他植物的PDS蛋白具有较高相似性;在系统进化树中,BrPDS3与甘蓝亲缘关系最近。根据全长cDNA序列设计引物,从白菜型油菜青油13号DNA中克隆得到BrPDS3基因的全长DNA,长度为3 911bp,ORF（开放阅读框）1 692bp,含有15个外显子和14个内含子。     

Carotenoid bioaccessibility from whole grain and decorticated yellow endosperm sorghum porridge

Sorghum is a staple crop and a potential dietary source of carotenoids in semi-arid regions of Africa, but information on the bioavailability of these pigments is limited. This study aimed at exploring the effects of agronomic manipulation on sorghum carotenoid contents at selected stages of kernel development and maturation and assessing carotenoid bioaccessibility from matured yellow-endosperm sorghum varieties (P88 and P1222), by comparing porridge made from sorghum whole and decorticated milled grains. Carotenoid content of sorghum milled fractions ranged from 2.90 to 7.22 mg/kg in P88 unbagged decorticated flour, at 50 and 30 days after half bloom (DAHB) respectively, to 9.87-13.69 mg/kg in bagged decorticated bran fractions in P88, at 50 and 30 DAHB respectively. Maize milled fractions were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in carotenoid content than all sorghum products. Bagging increased sorghum carotenoid content by 8-184% vs. unbagged panicles. Carotenoid bioaccessibility was generally higher from sorghum (63-81%) compared to maize (45-47%). Micellarization of xanthophylls (75%) was more efficient than carotenes (52%) in sorghum, while they were similar in maize (40-49%). These results suggest that the higher bioaccessibility of sorghum carotenoids combined with efforts to enhance sorghum carotenoid content may allow for sorghum to provide similar levels of bioaccessible carotenoid pigments as common yellow maize.     

Yield,essential oil and pigment content of Calendula officinalis L. flower heads cultivated under salt stress conditions

Flower heads of Calendula officinalis L. are used for medicinal or culinary purposes. Since Egyptian agricultural lands contain salt, this study investigated the effects of saline irrigation water on yield (fresh and dry weights of flower heads), essential oil (EO) yield, chemical constituents of the EO and total flavonoids and carotenoids of flower heads at three flowering stages, i.e. initial (21 days after bud formation (DABF)), full flowering (81 DABF) and final (111 DABF). After plants were treated with different levels of saline irrigation water (0.39, 1.56, 3.13, 4.69, 6.25, 7.81 and 9.38 dS m⁻¹) consisting of NaCl, CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ salts, the flower head yield and pigment (total flavonoids and carotenoids) content were significantly reduced. Irrigation with saline water increased the EO content and its main components (α-cadinol, γ- and Δ-cadinene). Fresh and dry weights of flower heads and EO increased near 81 DABF while the content of pigments increased by 111 DABF.     

Screening of medium components by Plackett-Burman design for carotenoid production using date (Phoenix dactylifera) wastes

This work was conducted to use palm date wastes in the production of carotenoids. Three strains of Lactobacillus plantarum (QS1, QS2 and QS3) were isolated from food samples including bakery's yeast, olive fermentation and cheese. Strains were investigated for their structural recA gene by PCR. The recA gene was successfully amplified from all strains under study. The ability of isolated L. plantarum strains to produce carotenoids in MRS broth was investigated. QS3 isolate gave the highest ability for production of carotenoids. Statistical screening of media components for production of carotenoids by L. plantarum QS3 using date syrup as a source of sugar was carried out using Plackett-Burman design. Date syrup at 5% sugar concentration produced 16.21 mg/kg dry cell of carotenoids when used alone. Increase in carotenoids production was recovered (54.89 mg/kg dry cell) with supplementation of MRS medium with salts and organic nitrogen after optimization of pH and temperature using date syrup as a carbon source. Plackett-Burman design showed peptone, K₂HPO₄, sodium acetate and date juice as main components affecting carotenoids production.