细菌性根腐病对三七光合特性的影响

根腐病是严重威胁三七生产的重要因素之一,常年发病率在5%～20%。其中,由假单胞杆菌(Pseudomon adaceae)引起的细菌性根腐病,因叶片出现缺水萎蔫症状时才能发现,目前尚无有效的预防措施。为探究细菌性根腐病对三七光合生理特性的影响,从而为三七病害生理学研究提供理论基础,本文以2年生三七为材料,设置2个处理[发病植株和健康对照植株(CK)],研究细菌性根腐病对三七形态结构、光合特性和光系统功能的影响。结果表明:1)根腐病导致三七的主根褐变腐烂,须根断损,茎基部腐烂中空,叶片萎蔫,各器官含水量比CK显著降低(P≤0.05);而株高、叶面积和叶片解剖结构(上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度)在两处理间均无显著差异。2)发病植株叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率(WUE)和表观叶肉导度(AMC)显著低于CK(P≤0.05),且CK叶片胞间CO_2浓度(C_i)与P_n呈反比。3)发病植株叶片的光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)反应中心P700最大荧光信号(P_m)根腐病初期暂不受影响,而叶片暗适应下最大量子效率(F_v/F_m)、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)电子传递速率[ETR(Ⅱ)]、PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量[Y(Ⅱ)]、PSⅠ电子传递速率[ETR(Ⅰ)]、PSⅠ周围的环式电子流(CEF)和PSⅠ实际光化学量子产量[Y(Ⅰ)]均显著低于CK(P≤0.05);参与调节性能量耗散的量子产量[Y(NO)]则显著高于CK(P≤0.05);发病植株的快速叶绿素荧光动力学曲线上出现K相,且显著高于CK(P≤0.05)。总的来看,细菌性根腐病对三七发病植株各器官的损伤严重程度为根茎叶,且根腐病导致发病植株叶片叶绿素降解, PSⅡ受到不可逆损伤, PSⅠ的电子传递被抑制,且叶肉细胞CO_2的同化能力降低,根腐病限制三七正常进行光合作用的条件。     

Impact on soil physical properties of using large-grain legumes for catch crop cultivation under different tillage conditions

In Central Europe, various plant species including large-grain legumes and their mixtures are grown as catch crops, particularly between grains harvested early and subsequent summer crops. This article investigates the question of how soil structure in the topsoil is influenced when catch cropping with large-grain legumes (experimental factor A: without catch crop, with catch crop) under different ploughless tillage conditions during catch crop seeding (experimental factor B: deep tillage/25–30 cm, shallow tillage/8–10 cm). Five one-year trials were performed using standard machinery at various sites in Germany. Soil core samples extracted from the topsoil in the spring after catch crop cultivation served to identify air capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and precompression stress. The above-ground and below-ground biomass yields of the catch crops were also determined at most of the sites. In addition, the soil compaction risk for the working steps in the experiments was calculated using the REPRO model.The dry matter yield of the catch crops varied considerably between the individual trial sites and years. In particular, high levels of dry matter were able to form in the case of early seeding and a sufficient supply of precipitation. The soil structure was only rarely affected positively by catch crop cultivation, and catch crops did not contribute in the short term to loosening already compacted topsoils. In contrast, mechanical soil stresses caused by driving over the ground and additional working steps used in cultivating catch crops often led to lower air capacity in these treatments. This is consistent with the soil compaction risks calculated using the REPRO model, which were higher in the treatments with catch cropping. Catch crop cultivation also only resulted in improved mechanical stability at one location. The positive effect of deep ploughless tillage on air capacity and saturated hydraulic conductivity, however, became more clearly evident regardless of catch crop cultivation. In order for catch crop cultivation with large-grain legumes to be able to have a favourable impact on soil structure, it is therefore important that cultivating them does not result in any new soil compaction. In the conditions evaluated, deep tillage was more effective at loosening compacted topsoil than growing catch crops.     

高温胁迫下AM真菌对牡丹叶片解剖结构和蒸腾特性的影响

作者研究了高温胁迫下丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对盆栽牡丹幼苗叶片解剖结构和蒸腾特性的影响。结果表明,供试AM真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)均能侵染牡丹根系,其侵染率分别为47%和44%。接种AM真菌的比未接种对照(CK)植株的叶片细胞排列紧密,叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海棉组织厚度均表现为接种G.mosseae植株>接种G.versiforme植株>CK。在相同高温下接种AM真菌处理的牡丹叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度和气孔开度均显著低于CK。AM真菌提高了牡丹植株的抗热性,这对于高温胁迫下保持和提高光合效率是十分重要的。其中接种G.mosseae处理的效果优于G.versiforme     

一种新型阳光蔬菜工厂C系列919温室

为了解决高寒及长江流域以南多雨地区土墙温室难建问题及实现温室育种、种植自动化、机械化作业,研发了一种新型装配式冬暖式C919温室,温室通过组装完成,采用钢制螺旋桩,不用焊接,只需在地下打螺旋桩,即可实现全天候施工。温室采用五防设计(防台风、防雨、防雪、防低温、防高温),具有土地利用率高(75%左右)、建设周期短(千亩园区建设周期90 d)、设计寿命长(50年)、材料环保(采用宝钢BFS 600高强不锈钢)、建设成本使用周期费用摊销低(土墙温室的70%)、运营维护成本低(土墙温室的50%)、机械作业用工少(减少人工60%以上)等优点,填补了高寒(-40 ℃以内)及长江流域以南多雨地区大跨度、装配式、全日光能源温室的空白。     

南方某矿区土壤镉污染及作物健康风险研究

为了评估南方某县土壤镉污染情况、量化当地不同作物镉含量并对不同人群健康风险进行评估，从该县3个镇采集135份土壤样本，入户采集128份自产大米样本，种植区采集7份脐橙样本，对其中镉含量进行测定。结果表明，3镇采集土壤样品镉超标率分别为41.67%、28.81%和21.62%，地累积指数计算得到该县68.9%的土壤样本受到不同程度的镉污染，大米镉含量超标率分别为48.57%、34.48%、8.82%。而脐橙果肉样品中镉含量较低，远低于0.05 mg·kg^-1。计算不同作物的危害商数（HQ）可得，食用自产大米的危害商数（HQ）值普遍大于1，风险较高，而食用脐橙果肉产生的健康风险低。种植脐橙具有一定的经济效益，且当地具有脐橙适宜的生长条件，故考虑在重污染区种植脐橙取代种植水稻。     

硬质海岸防护设施的生态效应与对策

虽然滨海地区占地球陆地面积不足4%，但沿海生境是全球最有价值的自然资源之一。世界上超过三分之一的人口生活在距海岸线100 km的范围内。气候变化和人类活动使得全球海岸侵蚀和风暴潮威胁加重。海岸防护可以有效抵御海岸侵蚀、风暴风险和海平面上升。本文概述了全球主要沿海国家和地区（欧盟、美国、中国）海岸硬化情况以及海岸硬化带来的生态效应。欧洲海岸线硬化比例为10%（2006年），美国海岸的硬化比例为14%（2015年），而中国海岸线的硬化比例近60%（2014年）。海岸硬化会引起滨海湿地重要物理、化学和生物过程的改变，生境丧失和破碎化，以及生物连通性的改变。增加硬化设施的结构复杂性或由混合型海岸代替传统硬化海岸可以减轻海岸硬化对滨海湿地生态系统的威胁，但对硬质海岸和混合型海岸的生态服务功能以及抵御风暴能力的评估还比较缺乏，有待进一步研究。     

Sewage sludge processing determines its impact on soil microbial community structure and function

Composting and thermal drying are amongst the most commonly used post-digestion processes for allowing sanitation and biological stabilization of sewage sludge from municipal treatment plants, and making it suitable as soil conditioner for use in agriculture. To assess the impact of sludge-derived materials on soil microbial properties, fresh (LAF), composted (LAC) and thermally dried (LAT) sludge fractions, each resulting from a different post-treatment process of a same aerobically digested sewage sludge, were added at 1% (w/w) application rate on two contrasting (a loam and a loamy sand) soils and incubated under laboratory conditions for 28 days. Soil respiration, microbial ATP content, hydrolytic activities and arginine ammonification rate were monitored throughout the incubation period. Results showed that soil biochemical variables, including the metabolic quotient (qCO₂), were markedly stimulated after sludge application, and the magnitude of this stimulatory effect was dependent on sludge type (precisely LAT > LAF > LAC), but not on soil type. This effect was related to the content of stable organic matter, which was lower in LAT. Genetic fingerprinting by PCR–DGGE revealed that compositional shifts of soil bacterial and, at greater extent, actinobacterial communities were responsive to the amendment with a differing sludge fraction. The observed time-dependent changes in the DGGE profiles of amended soils reflected the microbial turnover dependent on the sludge nutrient input, whereas no indications of adverse effects of sludge-borne contaminants were noted. Our findings indicate that composting rather thermal drying can represent a more appropriate post-digestion process to make sewage sludge suitable for use as soil conditioner in agriculture.     

立地条件和林分结构对有林地生产力的影响

通过分析有林地生产力与立地条件和林分结构中各因子的关系,探索制约有林地生产力的主要因素.结果表明:不同立地质量中Ⅰ类地单位蓄积量最高(268.86±20.24 m3/hm2),不同坡向中东坡单位蓄积量最高(269.78±38.54 m3/hm2),不同树种组成中10杉类型单位蓄积量最高(259.33±14.62 m3/hm2);有林地生产力与林分年龄、林分密度正相关,相关系数R分别为0.590、0.460;有林地生产力与海拔、坡度相关性不显著.以上结果说明立地质量、坡向和树种组成对有林地生产力影响显著;有林地生产力与林分年龄、林分密度相关,与海拔、坡度无关.     

光辐射染色木材的变色规律及化学组分结构的变化

以I-214杨木染色单板为试材、氙光作为辐射光源,考察其在100h光照过程中表面颜色的变化规律;依据红外光谱图的谱峰位置和谱峰相对吸收强度,分析和确定光变色过程中染色杨木木材的化学组分。结果表明:染色杨木木材受光辐射易发生变色,其中酸性蓝染色单板的明度指数L*和色品指数b*变化显著,其光变色度显著大于酸性大红GR染色单板;若以波数1510cm-1为基准,非共轭羰基C=O振动的吸收峰(1738cm-1)吸收强度显著增强;共轭羰基C=O伸缩振动的吸收峰(1650cm-1)吸收强度有所增强;芳香环骨架C-C振动的吸收峰(1510cm-1)吸收强度明显减弱;C-O-H振动的吸收峰(1160～1052cm-1)吸收强度有所减弱。