Financial evaluation of smallholder timber-based agroforestry systems in Claveria, Northern Mindanao, the Philippines

In the Philippines, timber production on small farms has become profitable as a result of reduced supplies due to extensive deforestation and increasing demand. In the early 1990s, when the price of timber was high, farmers were promised huge returns from tree farming. However, widespread planting of few species has led to oversupply and a sharp decline in the price of farm-grown timber. Moreover, low intercrop yields as a result of competition from fast-growing trees and low timber yields due to poor tree management, further reduce net economic returns. In spite of this, interest in tree farming remains high. This paper examines the private profitability of two tree-maize systems, namely trees in blocks and trees in hedgerows, compared with the alternative of maize monocropping. The analysis reveals that maize monocropping provides higher returns to land at the current timber price, but considerably lower returns to labour, than the maize-tree systems tested. This suggests that tree farming is a more attractive option for labour and capital-constrained households or those with off-farm opportunities that compete for their labour. These farmers may raise productivity and income by planting trees on the excess land that cannot be devoted to annual crops. The analysis also indicates that wide-spaced tree hedgerows are superior to tree blocks, due to lower establishment and management costs, longer periods of viable intercropping and more rapid tree growth.     

CAD技术的回顾与展望

回顾总结了CAD技术的发展过程，概述了先进制造技术对CAD技术的发展影响，最后，对CAD技术的未来做了展望。     

Quantitative stand structure of woody components of homestead forests and its implications on silvicultural management: a case study in Sylhet Sadar, Bangladesh

This study determined existing quantitative stand structure and its implication on silvicultural management of homestead forestry. The results showed that fruit and timber species have importance values of 57% and 43%, respectively, in the study area, which is in contrast to the commonly held view of absolute domination of fruit species. The fruit species were only moderately dominant over timber species in relation to the quantitative stand structure of homestead forests. Two fruit species, Mangifera indica and Artocarpus heterophyllus, contribute about one third of the stand structure, while amongst the timber species Samanea saman and Albizia spp. are the most important species. A simulated evaluation of soil expectation value of homestead forest showed that the existing stand structure would not maximize the financial gain perpetually, in contrast, the quantitative stand structure could be effectively regulated to maximize grower benefit without compromising the existing biodiversity. Optimization of the quantitative stand structure of homestead forests could be achieved by changing the species composition, specifically by increasing the percentage of commercially valuable species like Michelia champaca, Tectona grandis, Artocarpus chapalasha, Gmelina arborea, Litchi chinensis, Citrus grandis, Psidium guajava, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Swietenia mahogany, etc., reducing the percentage of species like Mangifera indica, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Cocos nucifera, Samanea saman, Spondias pinnata, Phoenix sylvestris, etc., and eradicating species like Lannea coromandelica and Ficus benghalensis. It was estimated that the optimal relative density of fruit and timber species that would generate optimal financial benefit would be 40.4% and 59.6%, respectively.     

农村文化建设调查与分析——基于河北省农民问卷调查

在2009、2010年对农村文化建设调查分析的基础上,通过更加细致、广泛的调查,充分利用最新的调查数据,从农民角度分析了对农村文化建设的认知与期望,尤其是重点调查分析了农村文化中的文化资源、农民旅游、乡村游以及非物质文化遗产部分等。结果发现,当前农村文化建设在以上几方面取得了进展,但也存在不少问题。进一步分析发现：农村文化建设主要受到了农民、政府、社会3方面因素的影响,最后有针对性的提出了相应的对策建议。     

农产品价格波动成因与对策研究

从分析农民的生产行为入手,研究了农产品价格波动的原因,结果显示,农产品作为必需品本身的特性是农产品价格波动的根源,对农产品价格的预期,引起农民、消费者、投机者对农产品的储存和抛售行为加剧了农产品价格的波动,不合理的农产品储备制度会加剧农产品价格的波动,选择合适的收购或抛售时机并考虑这些行为对农户生产和对社会储存或抛售的影响,才能起到抑制农产品价格波动的作用,农业信息化能够提高农民预测的准确性和农民对其之间相互影响的认识,达到抑制农产品价格波动的目的。     

虫口统计学的概念与应用

昆虫种群数量变化既体现了昆虫种群演化过程中的变异和趋势,又体现了昆虫种群对生态环境的响应,而虫口统计学是研究昆虫种群数量变化的理论基础,是探索昆虫种群变化机制的重要工具和途径。本文概括虫口统计学的概念与内涵、研究方法、应用领域,并对其前景进行了展望,以期为虫口统计学在昆虫学研究中的应用提供理论基础。     

快速决策分析法在水利工程管理中的应用

快速决策分析法是一种较新的决策方法，用于解决时间与信息都不充分情况下的决策问题。简要介绍了快速决策分析法的基本思想及决策步骤，结合实例，论证了提高上播节制闸汛期闸上水位的可行性，演示了决策分析过程。     

谢冰莹与外国文学

谢冰莹在“五四”大潮冲击下走出湖南新化偏僻山镇 ,在包括世界文学名著译作在内的新文学影响下成为作家。在她的创作中可以看到外国文学的深刻影响 ,尤其是 30年代她两次留学日本 ,与日本文艺界的交往 ,使其创作受到日本文学的明显影响 ,日本无产阶级文学 ,宫本百合子以及林芙美子的创作因素深深渗入谢冰莹的创作之中 ,这是谢冰莹主体期待中的接受     

缘何独少这份“爱”——冰心创作中爱情题材缺失成因初探

冰心是表现“母爱、童心、大自然”“三爱”为一体的集大成者，其作品中却独少爱情题材，这一现象在评论界极少得到关注。而冰心作品中爱情题材缺失并非偶然现象，它与中国传统文化心态的制约、个人人生体验的缺乏、作家思维定势的拘囿和读者期待视野的影响等方面密切相关。     

生物芯片技术应用及其趋势展望

结合生物芯片的原理及其实验过程，对生物芯片技术在基因序列分析、疾病诊断、药物研究、微生物检测、农林业生产、食品卫生监督、环境保护和监测诸多领域中的应用予以概括，同时对其发展前景加以展望。