小豆生长发育规律研究 Ⅹ．小豆群体干物质生产与产量形成的关系

以JN2、JN5、JN6、JN7等4个不同粒型的红小豆品种为材料,研究了小豆群体干物质生产与产量形成的关系。结果表明:(1)夏播小豆的群体生产量变化表现为前期增长慢,从8月中旬开始快速增长。(2) JN2、JN5、JN6、JN7在开花期最适宜的干物重积累量分别为368．64、339．66、354．72和406．08 kg/hm2,生育后期干物质积累JN2为6 241．36 kg/hm2时产量最高,而其他3个品种后期累积量在4 000 kg/hm2左右即可达到预期目标。(3)开花期的叶面积指数,JN2应控制在6-7之间,JN6控制在4-6之间,JN5控制在4左右, JN7控制在3左右为最适,产量较高。(4)在中等肥力大田生产条件下,JN2适宜高密度(36万株/hm2)种植, JN5和JN7适宜中低密度(18万株/hm2)种植,JN6适宜中高密度(24万株/hm2)种植。     

不同群体条件下奶花芸豆的生长及产量研究

研究了奶花芸豆4种不同群体条件下,叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、单位面积干物质积累及产量的变化规律.研究结果表明:随着密度增大,单位叶面积叶绿素含量降低;叶面积指数增大,但密度过大则叶面积指数高值期持续时间较短;干物质积累量和产量在一定密度范围内随密度的增加而增加,但密度过大,干物质积累量和产量反而下降.     

A simple non-destructive technique for healthy and diseased leaf area assessment of potato plants

Summary A method for assessing the leaf area of potato plants was based on the number of leaves coinciding with imaginary vertical lines descending from a horizontal grid of points above the plant or crop canopy. Leaves seen through each vertically aligned pair of holes in a perforated double table, covering the midpoint of the exposed area, were counted and moved aside one by one, until the ground was seen. For both green and diseased surfaces the leaf area, or its horizontal component, was calculated as the product of sum of records and the grid cell size. Tested against a destructive method, the technique worked equally well for healthy and diseased leaf area of potato plants infected byPhytophthora infestans. The theoretic estimate of the standard error for a single measurement was derived as the geometric mean of the leaf area and the grid cell size. The method is also suitable forLAI of crop stands.     

YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF HYBRID RICE AS INFLUENCED BY NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AT DIFFERENT ECO-SITES

Hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars play an important role in rice production due to its high yield potential. Optimum nitrogen (N) rate is necessary to achieve the maximum yield of hybrid. The main objective of this study was to reveal the responses of yield and yield component of hybrid rice ‘Eryou 107’ to different N rates in Nanjing and Taoyuan, a special eco-site. Leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation was also compared. Rice yield showed a quadratic response to N rates at both sites with maximum yields approximately 10 t ha^?1 at the 195 kg ha^?1 N rate in Nanjing and maximum yield above 18 t ha^?1 at the 375 kg ha^?1 N rate in Taoyuan. Panicle per m² was positively linear related to N rate at both sites in both years, while spikelets per panicle showed a quadratic relation. Larger sink size was the primary contributor to higher yields in Taoyuan compared with Nanjing, and panicle per m² was the main cause. With the increasing N rate, LAI increased linearly and the dry matter accumulation first increased than declined at both sites. Greater effects of N rates on yield and yield components, LAI, and biomass was observed in Taoyuan than Nanjing. Higher LAI, biomass, and larger sink size resulted in the higher yields and more N rate for maximum yields in Taoyuan, compared with Nanjing.     

氮磷调控及紫云英配施提高早稻冠层特性和产量

为揭示不同氮、磷施用量及配合翻压适量紫云英入田对早稻冠层特性和产量的影响,在7个施氮、3个施磷及2个不施氮/磷水平下,开展早稻全生育期叶面积指数LAI、冠层光合有效辐射PAR传输特性、叶片叶绿素SPAD值、生育后期剑叶净光合速率Pn及产量的试验观测。结果表明,氮磷调控可显著影响早稻LAI、叶片叶绿素含量和叶片光合速率,进而通过调节LAI影响冠层PAR传输特性,最终表现为产量上的差异。缺氮对早稻的影响显著高于缺磷,但在施肥充足时,磷肥对产量的影响比氮肥更加显著。早稻冠层特性和产量随氮、磷施用量的增加表现出边际递减效应,当施用量超过某一值时出现拐点,最终表现为产量的下降。在赣抚平原灌区,187.5~225 kg/hm2施氮量和60~120 kg/hm2施磷量以及翻压15 000 kg/hm2紫云英鲜草入田可有效提高早稻LAI和冠层PAR截获率In以及叶片叶绿素含量,维持剑叶生长期内较高的净光合速率Pn,获得高产。     

咸水畦灌农田土壤水热盐动态及油葵生长的试验与模拟

为探究中国西北旱区咸水畦灌条件下农田土壤水热盐动态及其对作物生长的影响,采用大田试验和WASH-C模型(Layered Soil Water-Solute-Heat Transport and Crop Growth Model,土壤水热盐迁移和作物生长耦合的模拟模型)模拟相结合的方法,分析油葵全生育期内不同灌水量和矿化度处理下土壤剖面水盐分布特征、温度变化及油葵生长规律。试验设置包括2个灌水量水平(分别为油葵畦灌需水量的100%、50%)和3种畦灌水矿化度(分别为0.7、4.0、8.0 g/L)。结果表明,土壤剖面的水、盐、热分布在根区(0～40 cm)的变动幅度要大于深层(40～100 cm),灌水量越多,水分、盐分变幅越大。随着灌水次数的增加,土壤剖面在0.7 g/L矿化度下出现脱盐现象,4.0、8.0 g/L矿化度下出现积盐现象,并且灌水量越大,相应的脱、积盐率越高。试验前期各层地温变化幅度较后期大,温度变化幅度随土壤深度增加而减小。0.7g/L、100%油葵需水量下的作物LAI和产量最大,8g/L、50%油葵需水量下最小,两处理的LAI分别为8.41、3.80 cm~2/cm~2,产量分别为5.49、3.08t/hm~2,差异显著(P0.05)。模拟结果表明,WASH-C能够较好地模拟各时期土壤中根区、深层含水率的分布特征,所有模拟结果的R2不低于0.53。在咸水矿化度小于等于3g/L的情景模拟下,作物根区不会产生明显的积盐现象。合理的咸水畦灌制度有利于充分利用咸水资源并提高油葵的水分利用效率和产量。     

不同灌水次数和施氮量对冬小麦群体动态和产量的影响

为了明确灌水次数和施氮量对高产冬小麦群体动态和产量的影响,分别于2006-2007、2007-2008年度在保定市和藁城市用当地冬小麦推广品种河农822和石新616研究了不同灌水次数(在保证底墒基础上全生育期灌0、1、2和3水,分别用W0、W1、W2和W3表示)和施氮量(0、112.5和225 kg/ha,分别用N0、N1和N2表示)对小麦群体动态和产量的影响.结果表明,2006-2007年度灌水次数和施氮量对小麦总茎(穗)数的影响较显著.W1、W2和W3的成穗数显著高于W0,W1、W2、W3之间差异不显著.3个施氮水平间各生育时期的总茎数均差异显著,且随施氮量增加而增大.大部分生育时期不同灌水次数的LAI差异不显著,而不同施氮量的LAI差异显著,N2的LAI显著高于N1和N0.灌水次数对穗数和千粒重影响显著,施氮量对穗数和穗粒数影响显著,以致灌水次数和施氮量对小麦产量的主效应均达到显著标准.4种灌水水平的产量以W3最高,W0最低;3个施氮量中N1产量最高,N0最低.灌水次数和施氮量对小麦产量和各产量构成因素的交互作用显著,W0和W1条件下产量随施氮量增加而提高,而W2和W3条件下N1产量最高,且与N0差异显著.2007-2008年度试验中,灌水次数和施氮量对各生育时期的总茎数、LAI和产量的影响均不显著.根据本研究结果可知,在河北平原地区常年降水(小麦全生育期100 mm左右)和中等肥力条件下全生育期灌溉3次,施氮量为N 112.5～225 kg/ha以及丰水降雨年份和较高肥力条件下全生育期灌溉1或2次,相应地施氮225或112.5 kg/ha,可以分别取得较理想的产量.     

Light interception and radiation use efficiency in temperate quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars

Sea level quinoas are grown at low altitudes in Central and Southern Chile. Both sensitivity to photoperiod and response to temperature largely determine quinoa adaptation, but crop biomass production must be quantified to evaluate agronomic performance. The objectives of this work are: (i) to characterize development effects on leaf area evolution for genotypes of sea level quinoa differing in cycle length, (ii) to quantify the extinction coefficient (k) for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) from emergence up to the beginning of grain filling and (iii) to identify which crop attributes related to canopy architecture should be considered to improve biomass production. Four cultivars (NL-6, RU-5, CO-407 and Faro) were cropped in Pergamino (33°56′S, 60°35′W, 65 m a.s.l.), Argentina, at three densities (from 22 to 66 plants m⁻²) in two consecutive years under field conditions with adequate water and nutrient supply. Thermal time to first anthesis and maximum leaf number on the main stem were linearly correlated (r² = 0.87; p < 0.0001). Leaf area continued to increase during the flowering phase, notably in NL-6, the earliest genotype. There were significant differences in maximum plant leaf area between cultivars. Increasing density reduced plant leaf area but effects were comparatively small. Estimated k was 0.59 ± 0.02 across genotypes and was higher (p < 0.05) for 66 plants m⁻². Values for RUE changed as cumulative intercepted PAR (IPAR) increased; at initial stages of development RUE was 1.25 ± 0.09 g MJ IPAR⁻¹, but if cumulative IPAR was higher than 107.5 ± 10.4 MJ IPAR m⁻², RUE was 2.68 ± 0.15 g MJ IPAR⁻¹. That change occurred when leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of PAR intercepted were still low and ranged from 0.61 to 1.38 and from 0.33 to 0.51, respectively. No significant association was found with any developmental stage. Our results agreed to the notion that RUE variation during pre-anthesis phases is largely determined by LAI through its effect on radiation distribution within the canopy. Biomass production could be improved if periods of interception below 50% of incoming PAR were reduced to ensure high RUE. This seems to be possible in temperate areas both by the use of late genotypes with a higher number of leaves on the main stem and by early genotypes provided adequate plant density is chosen. Early increment in LAI and overlapping of the leaf area increase period with the flowering phase are desirable strategies for earliest genotypes to maximize yield.     

高光谱遥感森林叶面积指数估测研究现状

文中简要概述了叶面积指数和高光谱遥感的概念, 分析比较了高光谱遥感与传统的宽波段遥感估测森林叶面积指数的优势, 以及利用高光谱遥感数据估测森林叶面积指数的常用方法, 并对目前高光谱遥感估测森林叶面积指数存在的问题行了讨论。     

水稻叶面积指数及产量信息的空间结构性分析

通过对水稻抽穗期叶面积指数及产量信息的采样研究,探讨了叶面积指数及产量信息的空间结构性,并建立了半方差函数模型,结果表明该变量具有明显的区域化变量特征和较好的空间结构特征.该文引入区域化变量理论,弥补了单纯采用经典概率统计法对作物信息进行分析的片面性.水稻抽穗期叶面积指数与产量信息之间呈抛物线关系,相关性达显著水平,说明可以通过对叶面积指数的科学调控,使一定尺度范围内的水稻产量获得全面提高.对作物信息进行空间结构性和定量化研究为精确农业的实施提供了必要的技术支撑.