Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

A self-fertile trigeneric hybrid in the Triticeae involving Triticum,Hordeum, and Secale

Summary A self-fertile trigeneric hybrid in the Triticeae involving species from the Hordeum, Triticum and Secale genera has been produced. The trigeneric hybrid was obtained by crossing octoploid triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) with octoploid tritordeum (H. chilense × T. aestivum amphiploid). The trigeneric hybrid presented a genome constitution AABBDDRH^ch and 2n=8X=56 chromosomes. The cytogenetical analyses showed no chromosome instability nor homeologous pairing between Hordeum and Secale chromosomes. In the F₂ generation the chromosome number ranged from 42 to 52. Within this range, the plants with smaller numbers of chromosomes were more frequent. A preferential transmission of rye chromosomes could be inferred.     

Analysis of adaptation of barley,triticale, durum and bread wheat under Mediterranean conditions

Summary Yield data obtained from a comparative small grain cereals trial, grown for five consecutive growing seasons at a total of 23 environments in Cyprus, were subjected to regression analysis. Within each environment, yield trials consisted of a standard set of three cultivars or elite lines of barley, triticale, durum and bread wheat. The regression coefficient (b) of crop mean on the environmental index (I) and the mean square deviation from regression (sd²) were calculated for each crop. Each crop tended to have its own characteristic value of sd² and its magnitude was an excellent indicator of specific crop-environment interaction. The causes of large sd², for two of the four crops, were the susceptibilith of barley to lodging, when favourable conditions were encountered at high yielding environments, and triticale dependence on late season precipitation. Durum wheat and triticale had an average response to different yielding environments (b>1.19) and both were significantly different from those of bread wheat (1.08) and barley (0.54). Hence, barley, bread and durum wheat are specifically adapted to low, average and high yielding Mediterranean environments, respectively. The cultivation of triticale at the expence of durum wheat is not feasible. Furthermore, interactions between crops and environments demonstrated by the regression parameters, should constitute the basis for decision making, regarding crop adaptation in a region. The average yield in all environments should not be considered as a proper criterion for adaptation. In this study, triticale had a similar mean grain yield (3,842 kg/ha) to that of bread wheat, but was significantly higher yielding than barley or durum wheat (5 and 7%, respectively).     

Transfer of the Glu-D1 Gene from Chromosome 1D of Breadwheat to Chromosome 1R in Hexaploid Triticale

The use of hexaploid triticale as a crop for human consumption has been limited by its inferior bread-making quality. To ameliorate this problem, a segment of chromosome ID of breadwheat with the Glu-D1d allele encoding for high molecular weight glutenin subunits 5 7plus; 10 was translocated to chromosome 1R of the hexaploid triticale ‘Rhino’ through a combination of a centric break-fusion translocation followed by 5D(5B)-induced homoeologous pairing. The resulting recombinant chromosome 1R has a small interstitial segment of ID with the Glu-D1d allele. The maximum physical length of the translocated segment is estimated at about 16.5 % of 1DL. Frequency of translocations involving the long arms of homoeologous group-1 chromosomes in the analyzed progeny suggested that homoeologous recombination in triticale was substantially higher than that previously reported in hexaploid wheat.     

Heritability estimates of bread wheat quality traits in the Western Cape province of South Africa

High performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed the presence of five phenolic acids in embryos of triticale caryopses (vanillic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ferulic and sinapic). Free phenolic acids reached the highest level at the early stages of development when germination was the lowest and decreased considerably in embryos at the final stage of grain maturation when germination was the highest. Revealing inverse correlation between the contents of free phenolic acids in developing embryos and intensity of precocious germination may indicate a role of phenolic acids in preventing pre-harvest sprouting in cereals. Total content of phenolic acids in embryos (i.e. free, and liberated from soluble esters and glycosides) increased gradually to 43DAF and decreased at full ripeness, whereas the content of total phenolics fluctuated slightly in embryos during development and ripening of caryopses. Enforced dehydration of unripe triticale caryopses stimulated germination both in embryos and whole grains. During the enforced dehydration treatment, a decrease in total content of both phenolic acids and phenolic compounds in embryos of triticale caryopses at different stages of development and maturation was observed. It should be stressed, that a number of naturally occurring phenolics are known to inhibit the germination of cereal grains. A possible role for phenolics in preventing pre-harvest sprouting and acclimation to dehydration in cereals is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于响应面设计的饲草型小黑麦新品系C31栽培条件优化筛选

为筛选饲草型小黑麦新品系C31最适合的栽培条件,利用三因素(种植密度,氮肥施用量,降水量)五水平的中心复合试验响应面设计法,研究了种植密度、氮肥施用量和降水量对饲草型小黑麦草产量和营养品质的影响,构建饲草型小黑麦新品系C31草产量和营养品质的三元二次回归预测模型。结果表明:1)种植密度、氮肥施用量和降水量对饲草型小黑麦的草产量与营养品质均有显著影响(P<0.05),降水量×氮肥施用量交互作用对小黑麦干草产量有显著影响(P<0.05),降水量×种植密度交互作用对小黑麦干草的营养品质有显著影响(P<0.05)。2)三元二次回归分析结果显示,种植密度、氮肥施用量和降水量与小黑麦草产量和营养品质间的回归模型极显著(P<0.01),表明干草产量和营养品质回归模型能够代表饲草型小黑麦的实际干草产量和营养品质。3)小黑麦新品系C31适合在生长季降水量为318~325 mm的合作地区生长。4)生长季降水量为322.07 mm时,小黑麦新品系C31的干草产量最高,营养品质最佳。在此降水量下,氮肥施用量为289.17 kg N·hm^-2,种植密度为579.40 万基本苗·hm^-2,模型预测小黑麦干草产量为16732.50 kg·hm^-2,干草营养品质的最大值为0.71。本研究将为评价小黑麦种质草产量和营养品质表现及适宜种植区域提供简便有效的分析手段。     

添加剂对甘肃省高寒牧区不同刈割期小黑麦青贮饲料营养品质和青贮品质的影响

用甘农2号小黑麦于2017年在甘肃省甘南州合作市筛选小黑麦青贮的最佳刈割期和青贮添加剂,旨在丰富该地区牧草饲喂方式,为科学应用小黑麦提供技术支持。试验设2个因素,分别为小黑麦刈割期(A₁:抽穗期;A₂:开花期;A₃:灌浆期;A₄:乳熟期;A₅:蜡熟期)和添加剂种类[B₁:Sila-Max;B₂:Sila-Mix;B₃:CK(不添加)]。通过评价不同刈割期和添加剂间青贮饲料营养品质的差异,结合TOPSIS法进行综合评价,结果表明:随小黑麦的生长发育,CP含量逐渐降低,各刈割期小黑麦的WSC含量普遍较高且乳熟期达到最高,抽穗期小黑麦的NDF、ADF含量和DMD显著低于其他时期;开花期pH值最低,乳酸含量在灌浆期最高,乙酸含量随小黑麦的生长发育呈下降的趋势;在开花期以后,ADF含量显著降低,DMD显著升高;乳熟期和蜡熟期的丙酸含量显著低于其他刈割期。添加Sila-Max显著提升了小黑麦的青贮品质,提高了乳酸含量,降低了pH值和氨态氮/总氮,尤其在乳熟期和蜡熟期。以收获草产量为目的,则应该在蜡熟期刈割,要获得较优的营养价值以及青贮品质,兼顾较高草产量,则应在乳熟期刈割。     

Visual Scorings of Drought Stress Intensity as Covariates for Improved Variety Trial Analysis

Abiotic stress can enhance the heterogeneity of fields, which leads to imprecise estimates of genotypic effects in variety trials. Our study is based on multilocation field trials of triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.). Two of the six locations were affected by drought stress and showed increased field heterogeneity. At Willstätt, drought stress intensity was visually scored twice, and at Issoudun, overall impression of a plot was scored once. We investigated if the visual scorings can be used as covariates in an analysis of covariance (ancova ) to eliminate the influence of different drought stress intensity on plot yields. For evaluation of the ancova models, we examined if the covariates were independent from the genotypic effects and linearly associated with grain yield. In addition, ancova models were compared with baseline and spatial models based on AIC and phenotypic correlation between genotype means estimated with the model under investigation in a drought stress location with genotype means calculated across the remaining locations. We found that both scorings in Willstätt fulfilled the requirements of an ancova and led to an increase in broad‐sense heritability (h²) and efficiency. ancova with the second scoring increased h² from 0.03 for the baseline model to 0.60, whereas the best spatial model increased h² only up to 0.50. The scoring at Issoudun was not independent from the genotypic effects and reduced phenotypic correlations. We concluded that environmental factors causing spatially differing yield potential can be scored or measured and used as covariates to obtain more precise genotypic estimates.     

诱导方式及基因型对小黑麦单倍体形成的影响

为探索小黑麦单倍体胚诱导方式及小黑麦基因型与玉米类型对小黑麦单倍体胚产生的影响,本文采用4种不同诱导方式、3个小黑麦基因型与3个不同类型的玉米分别对其在小黑麦单倍体胚诱导中的效果进行了研究。结果表明:以玉米花粉授粉后再辅以100mg/L 2,4-D+30ml/L二甲基亚砜对小黑麦单倍体胚的诱导效果最好,其单倍体诱导率为6.65%。不同小黑麦基因型在玉米花粉诱导小黑麦单倍体中的诱导效果是不同的,本研究中以基因型H09-4为最高;不同玉米类型远缘杂交的得胚率总趋势表现为:爆裂玉米ZPA 82/9(4.71%)>甜玉米新自31162(2.94%)>普通玉米103A(1.76%)。可见,除诱导方式外,小黑麦基因型及玉米类型对小黑麦单倍体胚的诱导效果具有重要影响。