晚熟龙眼挂树期果实呼吸强度、细胞膜透性及若干品质变化

以晚熟龙眼品种青壳宝圆、九月乌、立冬本、苗翘为试材,研究挂树期内果实呼吸强度、果皮细胞膜透性和若干品质性状的变化。结果表明：除青壳宝圆外,挂树期果实呼吸强度均呈下降趋势;挂树5d内,青壳宝圆、苗翘的果皮细胞膜透性下降,立冬本上升,九月乌基本不变,挂树5～15d果皮细胞膜透性除立冬本外,均上升;挂树期单果重呈上升的趋势;可食率在挂树初期有所提高,随着挂树时间的延长而下降;果肉自溶指数随挂树时间的延长而上升。     

豌豆种皮结构和成分对种子透水性的影响

为探索豌豆种皮的结构和成分对种子透水性的影响,借助扫描电镜对种皮表面和横断面结构进行观察,并采用显微化学鉴别法、红外光谱分析法以及能量色散型x射线荧光分析仪对种皮成分进行了定性和定量测定.结果表明,豌豆种脐是水分进入种子的主要通道,而种皮结构中的角质层、栅栏层是水分和其他外源物质进入的主要障碍.种皮成分中纤维素、木质素、角质、含碳化合物和Sr元素等的积累增加了种皮的机械强度,从而降低种子的透水性,而种皮中K、Fe、Ca元素的积累可能有利于种皮透水.此外,研究还发现,皮壳率越高,种子透水性越好,且保持种子种皮完整性对种子吸水和保水具有重要作用.     

The nature of soil erosion and possible conservation strategies in Ntabelanga area,Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

Soil erosion is a major land degradation problem in South Africa (SA) that has economic, social and environmental implications due to both on-site and off-site effects. High rates of soil erosion by water are causing rapid sedimentation of water bodies, ultimately leading to water crisis in SA. Lots of financial and human resources are channelled towards controlling of soil erosion but unfortunately with little success. The level of soil erosion in a particular area is governed by the site properties. Therefore, it is inappropriate to generalize data on soil erosion at a large-scale spatial context. The literature on soil erosion in SA classifies Eastern Cape Province as a high-erosion-potential area using data collected at a large-scale spatial context. Collecting soil erosion data at a large spatial scale ignores site-specific properties that could influence soil erosion and has resulted in failure of many traditional soil erosion control measures applied in the province. Moreover, scientific principles underlying the processes and mechanisms of soil erosion in highly erodible soils are missing in SA. This review was to find effective soil erosion control measures by having an insight on what happens during soil erosion and how soil erosion occurs in Ntabelanga. The literature suggested that erosion in Ntabelanga could be influenced by both the erosivity and erodibility factors though the erodibility factors being more influential. Soil permeability contrast between the horizons could be influencing the rate and nature of soil erosion. To mitigate the impact of soil erosion in Ntabelanga, efforts should aim to improve the vertical flow capacity in the B horizon. Clay spreading, clay delving, addition of gypsum, deep ploughing and mulching could aid the water permeability problems of the subsurface horizons. However for effective soil management and control option, detailed studies of specific site properties are needed. The generated information can assist in formulating soil erosion policies and erosion control strategies in the Ntabelanga area and SA at large.     

煤矸石组分与表土质地对充填重构土壤导气率的影响

研究煤矸石组分及表土质地对煤矸石重构土壤导气率的影响,探讨重构土壤这种差异显著的非均质土壤导气内在机理,为进一步研究复杂的非均质土壤导气特性提供理论基础。通过在煤矸石中掺杂不同粒径碎石来改变其组分,并利用3种不同质地的土壤在土柱内进行土壤剖面重构,采用一维瞬态法测量其导气率。结果表明:(1)不同碎石粒径和质量分数对混合基质饱和含水量影响不同,掺杂2~5mm粒径碎石,随着质量分数的增加,饱和含水量逐渐增加,从7.29%增加到12.9%;掺杂5~10mm粒径碎石,饱和含水量随着质量分数的增加先增加后减少,分别为7.28%,8.5%,6.9%。(2)煤矸石的导气率远大于土壤,并且煤矸石的导气率对水分的敏感度随质量含水量的增加而增加,而土壤的导气率对水分变化的敏感度均随质量含水量的增加而降低。(3)碎石的存在为大孔隙的产生创造条件的同时也会减少了土壤通气断面,阻隔空气传输的通道。(4)重构土壤导气率受表土质地和底部填充介质的共同影响,覆土土壤导气率决定了重构土壤的导气率大小,而充填基质导气率决定了充填介质对重构土壤导气率影响的系数(Ska)。Ska与充填介质导气率呈显著相关,可以通过指数函数进行拟合(R2=0.93)。通过充填介质及覆土土壤的导气率可以对重构土壤导气率进行估算,简化了重构土壤导气率的测定过程。     

泾河南塬黄土的渗透特征及孕灾机制

[目的]分析泾河南塬黄土的渗透各向异性特征,并探讨该地区滑坡的孕灾机制,以期为黄土分布区雨水入渗型滑坡的灾害防治提供指导。[方法]通过野外调查和渗透试验,分析该地区裂隙土以及不同土层的渗透特征。[结果]裂隙土的渗透系数远大于均质土,裂隙的存在为水的入渗提供优势渗流通道。不同土层渗透系数对比表明,马兰黄土因大、中孔隙多以及节理裂隙发育,其渗透系数最大,而古土壤的渗透系数最小。[结论]泾河南塬黄土具有明显的渗透各向异性,水与裂隙共同作用已成为该地区的一种恶性灾害链模式。     

大青山不同林地类型土壤特性及其水源涵养功能

对内蒙古大青山4种林地类型的土壤特性、凋落物持水量及林地土壤贮水性能进行了研究。结果表明:①林地间土壤容重和孔隙度差异较大,容重大小依次为油松人工林>虎榛子灌丛林>落叶松人工林>白桦山杨天然次生林;总孔隙大小依次为白桦山杨天然次生林>落叶松人工林>虎榛子灌丛林>油松人工林;②林地间凋落物蓄积量和最大持水率差异较大,蓄积量大小依次为落叶松人工林>白桦山杨天然次生林>虎榛子灌丛林>油松人工林;最大持水率大小依次为落叶松人工林>白桦山杨天然次生林>虎榛子灌丛林>油松人工林;③依据林地总贮水量的大小,4种林地水源涵养功能大小依次为白桦山杨天然次生林(3 687.172 t/hm2)>落叶松人工林(3 553.229 t/hm2)>虎榛子灌丛林(3 035.698 t/hm2)>油松人工林(2 796.279 t/hm2)。     

Matrine inhibits mycelia growth of Botryosphaeria dothidea by affecting membrane permeability

Matrine is a promising botanical antifungal;however, the mechanism underlying the antifungal activity is yet limited. We studied the antifungal activity of matrine and the underlying mechanism in Botryosphaeria dothidea as a model strain. Matrine strongly inhibited mycelial growth of B. dothidea in a dose-dependent manner. Matrine-treated B. dothidea showed morphological and ultrastructural alterations, including shriveled hyphae, plasmolysis, and leakage of cytoplasm related to cell membrane deterioration. In addition, matrine caused significantly high conductivity and absorbance (260 nm) in extracellular matrices and low lipid contents in B. dothidea, indicating increased membrane permeability. Lipid peroxidation showed that matrine resulted in increased malondialdehyde content while enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase. These results showed that matrine inhibited the mycelial growth of B. dothidea by enhancing cell membrane permeability via membrane lipid peroxidation.     

4种野生早熟禾对土壤酸碱性的生理响应

以甘肃省境内采集的4种野生早熟禾为材料,设8个pH处理(3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10),探讨土壤pH对其生理特性的影响机制以及适宜生长的土壤pH,以期为早熟禾属草坪的养护管理和野生早熟禾的引种驯化提供依据。结果表明,随pH增大,4种野生早熟禾相对膜透性,游离脯氨酸(F-Pro)、可溶性糖(SS)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈先减小后增大的趋势,可溶性蛋白(SP)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先增大后减小的趋势;草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)、一年生早熟禾(P.annua)和小药早熟禾(P.micrandra)在pH为7时,硬质早熟禾(P.sphondylodes)在pH为6时受到的伤害最小,是其最适宜生长的pH。     

百里香酚对山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞的体外毒活性研究

为了探究百里香酚对山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞(goat endometrial epithelial cells,g EECs)的毒性作用,采用不同浓度的百里香酚作用于g EECs后,观测其对细胞生长曲线,细胞形态学变化,以及细胞膜结构完整性的影响。结果表明,百里香酚对EECs的毒性作用与其浓度呈剂量依赖效应(y=-0.008x+1.2202,R~2=0.9767),即随着药物浓度的增加细胞的增殖抑制率增大,药物对细胞的半数增殖抑制率(IC50)为100μg/m L。当50、100μg/m L的百里香酚作用于EECs时,g EECs的细胞核、细胞浆的形态均未产生明显变化,但当150μg/m L的百里香酚作用于g EECs时,细胞膜破裂,细胞死亡;而且药物浓度≥100μg/m L时细胞LDH的释放量显著高于正常细胞组,g EECs细胞膜的完整性受到破坏。百里香酚作用于山羊子宫内膜上皮细胞后呈现一定的毒性作用,且毒性作用和药物的浓度有关。百里香酚作用于g EECs的安全范围在0~100μg/m L,研究结果为百里香酚治疗奶牛等经济动物的炎症性疾病的临床用药浓度提供理论依据。     

番茄早疫病菌抗啶酰菌胺菌株细胞膜透性变化

为探究番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani对啶酰菌胺产生抗性后膜透性的变化,采用菌丝生长法、可见分光光度法、电导率法和荧光猝灭法分别测定了抗、感菌株对NaCl渗透压的敏感性、胞内可溶性蛋白和糖的含量、膜渗透率及对啶酰菌胺的吸收量。结果表明:抗性(R-Bos)菌株在2.5 g/L NaCl浓度中生长最快,敏感(S-Bos)菌株则在5 g/L NaCl浓度中生长最快;在0~10 g/L NaCl浓度下,R-Bos菌株的生长明显快于S-Bos菌株,在20~80 g/L NaCl浓度下生长无显著差异;R-Bos菌株的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著增高,分别达61.9%~105.2%和133.1%~161.9%;用啶酰菌胺处理菌株后,所有菌株的渗透率上升,膜透性增大,但R-Bos菌株的渗透率始终低于S-Bos菌株;且R-Bos菌株对啶酰菌胺的吸收量明显减少,为48.3%~49.9%。推测番茄早疫病菌对啶酰菌胺产生抗性后,胞内保水能力提高,对渗透压表现出耐受性,同时膜透性降低使得对药剂的吸收能力下降。