The influencing factors of N2O emission and denitrification in the soil of water-level-fluctuation zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir area

In order to study the influences of water filled pore space (WFPS), temperature, the addition of nitrate (NO -3) and carbon source on N2O emission and denitrification in the soil of water-level-fluctuation zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, C2H2 in hibition incubation experiments are applied. Results from experiments in laboratory and in situ field are analyzed. Results show that the WFPS is a main factor determining N2O emission and denitrification. Denitrification rate increases while the WFPS increases, and the maximum denitrification rate and the maximum N2O emission rate appear when the WFPS is 100% and 60%, respectively. In addition, while the temperature is between 10 ℃ and 40 ℃, the increase of temperature contributes to the increase of the N2O emission and denitrification rates. Furthermore, it is found that the N2O emission and denitrification rates are significantly and positively correlated with temperature. The addition of carbon source could increase denitrification performance in soil. However, the addition of nitrate has a negative impact on the denitrification performance, because nitrogen source is not the main factor determining denitrification performance and excessive nitrate could inhibit the denitrification in these experiments. The addition of glucose, which is a carbon source easily be utilized by denitrifying bacteria, could significantly increase the denitrification rate in soil, and the maximum denitrification rate takes place while the carbon content in per kilogram soil is 240 mg.     

不同氮硫浓度及氮硫比对硫酸盐还原厌氧氨氧化脱氮效果的影响

在硫酸盐还原厌氧氨氧化（Sulfate-Reducing Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation,SRAO）脱氮工艺的基础上,探究了SO42-浓度在100 mg/L的条件下,控制NH4+的投加量在不同N/S（NH4+-N/SO42-）浓度比下ASBR（Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor）反应器的运行效果及其脱氮性能。N/S从1.0增大到3.0时,ASBR中氨氮的平均去除率从78.5%增加到94.4%,但体系内SAD（Sulfur Autotrophic Denitrification）菌的丰度及活性未受到明显抑制,SRAO作用和ANAMMOX（Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidation）作用始终是ASBR脱氮的主要途径。当N/S的浓度比由3增至4时,ASBR中氨氮的平均去除率由94.4%下降为69.2%。这表明随着N/S的增大,体系内ANAMMOX菌和SRAO菌活性的降低,抑制了体系脱氮性能。这时SAD菌的丰度及活性略有增加。硫的去除率随N/S比的变化趋势和总氮的去除规律类似,在N/S=3时达到最大74.2%。结合高通量测序结果,说明不同N/S下的脱氮微生物优势菌群会不断变化,改变体系脱氮除硫性能。     

Long-Term Effects of Nitrogen Management Practices on Grain Yield,Nitrogen Uptake,and Efficiency in Irrigated Corn

ABSTRACT

Crop management strategies that improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) increase profits while reducing the detrimental effects on the environment associated with fertilizer nitrogen (N) loss. Effective N management should include several critical factors that are very interrelated. A study was conducted at the Panhandle Research and Extension Center, Goodwell, OK to evaluate the effects of multiple nitrogen management practices including N rate, source, time of application, methods of fertilizer and residue incorporation over a long period of time on grain yield, N uptake and NUE in irrigated corn. Fourteen treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results of data analyzed on the individual year and averages of all years showed that grain yield and N uptake were improved with N rates and N management practices compared to checks. Both N recovery and efficiency of use were high for the 118 kg N ha^{? 1} rate.     

江苏句容水库农业流域农田土壤反硝化作用的研究

2008年6月、8月、12月和2009年3月,在江苏句容水库农业流域采集农田原状土壤样品,使用乙炔抑制实验室培养法测定土壤的反硝化速率,同时测定土壤的含水率、铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)的含量,研究农田土壤反硝化速率变化、影响因素及其对流域氮损失的贡献。结果显示,旱地土壤反硝化速率范围在0.13～51.96kgN.hm-.2a-1之间,水田土壤的反硝化速率范围在3.16～12.29kgN.hm-.2a-1之间。相关分析表明,反硝化速率与土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)浓度、铵态氮(NH4+-N)浓度之间不具有显著相关关系;在12月和3月,反硝化速率与土壤含水率之间有显著相关关系,其他月份无显著相关关系。流域内农田土壤反硝化损失的总氮量为31.93tN.a-1,低于流域施氮总量的3.19%,可见,反硝化作用不是该流域氮损失的主要途径。     

潮汐流-水平潜流组合人工湿地的污水处理效果

利用室内潮汐流和水平潜流人工湿地装置,构建潮汐流-水平潜流(TF-HF)和水平潜流-潮汐流(HF-TF)2种不同组合的人工湿地系统,探讨不同组合方式的水平潜流和潮汐流人工湿地复合系统对污染物的去除效果。研究结果表明:在进水条件相同、潮汐流人工湿地淹没排空比均为12h∶12h、水平潜流人工湿地水力停留时间(HRT)均为4d、系统回流比均为1∶1条件下,潮汐流-水平潜流人工湿地系统和水平潜流-潮汐流人工湿地系统对总有机碳(TOC)的去除率分别为90.2%和91.3%,无明显差异;对NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为19.5%和39.2%,总氮(TN)的平均去除率分别为10.3%和30.5%,水平潜流-潮汐流人工湿地系统表现出较好的运行效果。     

Some factors limiting denitrification in slurries of acid forest soils

Denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) is defined as N₂O production rate over the first eight hours of anaerobic incubation of soil slurries at 15°C with added nitrate and acetylene. Organic fraction explained 81 % of the spatial variation in DEA among soil horizons of beech (Fagus), alder (Alnus), and spruce (Picea) forests, and spruce ciearcuts. Nitrate and pH limit denitrification in anaerobic O horizons at 15°C. Thick, poorly drained O horizons, such as in alder forest, have a high capability for denitrification. Failure to recover all added nitrate in O horizon incubations suggested both production of unmeasured NO and dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium. In mineral horizons, N₂O production was small and could not be increased by increasing nitrate, carbon, pH, and phosphorus; some other factor appears to prevent significant denitrifier activity in acid forest mineral horizons.     

上海城郊不同农业用地类型土壤硝化和反硝化作用

采用气压过程分离(BaPS)技术对上海城郊不同农业用地类型土壤总硝化速率和反硝化速率进行了测定.结果表明:不同农业用地类型土壤总硝化速率和反硝化速率差异显著(p<0.05).其中大棚蔬菜总硝化速率和反硝化速率最高;在土壤含水量15%～30%范围内.土壤总硝化作用和反硝化作用对氮损失的贡献率分别为46.8%,53.2%.土壤含水量和土壤通气孔隙度的适度增加均有利于土壤硝化作用和反硝化作用的进行;总硝化速率与土壤含水量、土壤通气孔隙度、全氮含量呈显著性相关(p<0.05),与土壤N_3~--N呈极显著性相关(p<0.01);反硝化速率与土壤含水量、N_3~--N、全氮呈显著性相关(p<0.05),与土壤通气孔隙度呈极显著性相关(p<0.01);中等土壤含水量范围内,影响土壤硝化作用、反硝化作用的环境因子趋于多样和复杂化,各种土壤环境因子共同影响和决定土壤硝化和反硝化过程.     

Denitrification characteristics of pond sediments in a Chinese agricultural watershed

Ponds are widely distributed in rice-based agricultural watersheds, particularly in southern China, and may play an important role in nitrate (     ) removal. However, the denitrification rate of pond sediment, measured using the acetylene (C₂H₂) inhibition technique, indicated that the amount of nitrogen removed by denitrification accounted for <1% of the total nitrogen applied. The present study was undertaken to determine the effects of sediment depth and temperature on denitrification of pond sediment using the C₂H₂ inhibition technique. The highest denitrification potential was found in the upper 5 cm of sediment, but this only accounted for approximately 34% of the total denitrification of the upper 0–30 cm of sediment, suggesting that sediment denitrification potential would be underestimated if only the upper 5 cm of sediment was measured. The denitrification potential was low and showed a weak response over a temperature range of 6–18°C, whereas denitrification increased significantly from 18 to 30°C, indicating that denitrification may play an important role in the removal of     in warm seasons. A comparison of the     disappearance and C₂H₂ inhibition methods showed that they were significantly ( P  < 0.01) and positively correlated. However, the C₂H₂ inhibition method gave only approximately 25% of the values determined by the     disappearance method.     

有机肥与无机肥配施对菜地土壤N2O排放及其来源的影响

该研究采用同位素自然丰度法,通过室内培养试验研究北京地区菜地有机肥和无机肥配施对土壤释放N2O及同位素位嗜值SP（site preference）的影响,以期获得不同肥料及其配比下土壤N2O的来源及变化规律。结果表明：施用无机肥释放的N2O显著高于有机肥,其累积排放量是有机肥的6.63倍,且无机肥施用比例越高,排放量越大;各肥料组合在施用后7天内均以反硝化作用生成N2O为主,贡献最高达到78.89%,SP为6.97‰,之后硝化作用逐渐增强并成为主要途径,最高占比达76.48%,SP为25.24‰;培养期内施用无机肥可以促进反硝化作用,平均占比52.98%,SP为15.52‰,而有机肥会使硝化作用增强,平均占比71.35%,SP为23.55‰。因此,在北京潮褐土地区菜地土壤施用有机肥对N2O有良好的减排效果,可为蔬菜生产中肥料的合理应用提供科学依据。     

水稻土和菜田添加碳氮后的气态产物排放动态

【目的】动态连续监测添加碳氮底物后各气体产物—O2、 NO、 N2O、 CH4和N2的排放,对土壤碳氮转化过程和气体产生过程做更深入的理解,揭示不同土地利用方式典型红壤的温室气体产生机制。【方法】采集长江中游金井小流域不同土地利用方式稻田和菜地土壤为研究对象,利用全自动连续在线培养检测体系(Robot系统),通过两组试验分别研究土壤碳氮转化过程中各气体产物的动态变化。试验1采用菜地和稻田土壤进行好气培养,设置不施氮对照、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%硝化抑制剂、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖6个处理。试验2采用稻田土壤进行淹水培养,设不施氮对照、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%硝化抑制剂、 添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%秸秆、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg铵态氮+1%的葡萄糖、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮、 添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖、 缺氧条件下添加40 mg/kg硝态氮+1%葡萄糖8个处理。培养温度均为20℃,土壤水分含量为70% WFPS (土壤孔隙含水量),培养周期为15天。【结果】从菜地和稻田土壤不同碳氮添加处理气态产物及无机氮的动态变化可看出: 1)菜地土壤好气培养初期硝化作用产生了大量N2O; 受低碳和低含水量的限制,反硝化作用较弱。当提供充足碳源和厌氧条件,出现N2O和NO的大量排放。2)在好气稻田和淹水稻田培养过程中,反硝化作用是N2O产生的主要途径。3)稻田土壤中,提供充足碳源和厌氧条件,各气态产物出现的顺序依次是NO、 N2O和N2,与三种气体在反硝化链式反应过程中的生成顺序一致。淹水稻田加铵态氮和碳源处理N2为主要产物,添加硝态氮处理后,N2O成为主要气态产物。当土壤碳源充足时,反硝化过程进行彻底,反硝化产物以终产物(N2)为主。4)在稻田土壤出现厌氧或添加碳源条件下,均检测到大量CH4产生; 且在甲烷产生的同时,NO-3几乎消耗殆尽。【结论】金井小流域典型红壤菜地N2O主要来自于硝化作用,好气和淹水稻田N2O主要来源于反硝化作用; 当碳源充足和厌氧时,菜地及稻田反硝化作用增强; 反硝化产物组成、 产物累积量及出峰顺序与碳源和氧气浓度有关。