Elucidation of the sex pheromone system of the potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera,Gelechiidae): a short review

Summary Recent research, reviewed here, of the pheromone system of the potato tuberworm moth has led to the isolation, identification, and synthesis of its components.trans-4,cis-7-tridecadien-l-ol acetate (PTM 1) andtrans-4,cis-7,cis-10-tridecatrien-l-ol acetate (PTM 2), mixtures of which are much more attractive in the field than 2 virgin female moths or each compound on its own.     

复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响

以初始体质量为(3.01±0.04)g的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为实验对象,进行为期70 d的摄食生长实验。共配制5种等氮等能饲料,其中以鱼粉和豆粕为蛋白源(豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白)配制出基础饲料,分别在基础饲料中添加0.0%、0.5%、1.0%和1.5%的复合诱食剂配制成4种豆粕取代饲料,同时以全鱼粉饲料为对照饲料,研究复合诱食剂对牙鲆摄食生长的影响。结果表明,当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂添加量为1.0%时,牙鲆的摄食率(P<0.05)、饲料效率(P<0.05)、鱼体脂肪含量(P<0.01)以及肝脏、肠胰蛋白酶活力和肠氨肽酶活力(P<0.01)显著高于不添加诱食剂组;当豆粕取代饲料中诱食剂的添加量为0.0%和0.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率显著低于全鱼粉组(P<0.05);而当添加量为1.0%和1.5%时,牙鲆的特定生长率与全鱼粉组比较没有出现显著差异(P>0.05)。结论认为,当以豆粕蛋白替代45%的鱼粉蛋白时,添加1.0%的复合诱食剂能够显著提高牙鲆幼鱼对饲料的摄食率和生长率。     

Effect of glycine betaine, a feed attractant affecting growth and feed conversion of juvenile freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the feeding attractant, glycine betaine (betaine hydrochloride) on the growth and feed conversion of juveniles of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (deMan) (mean initial weight 1.12 g). Three types of diets were prepared with the incorporation of glycine betaine at 5, 10 and 15 g kg^?1 levels along with an unsupplemented control. After 60 days, weight gain, feed intake and food conversion ratio (FCR) were higher in prawn fed the three glycine betaine‐added diets compared with the control feed. Among the glycine betaine‐added diets, prawn fed glycine betaine at 5 g kg^?1 level showed highest weight gain (2.73 g) by registering 61.5% increase in growth over control and also higher feed intake (5.79 g) and good FCR (2.12). There were highly significant differences (P < 0.01) in weight gain, feed intake, per day growth and FCR among treatments. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in survival among treatments.     

Development of plant‐based diets and the evaluation of dietary attractants for juvenile Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus L.

Sustainable and profitable commercial aquaculture production of marine fish species is dependent on the development of sustainable protein sources as substitutes for expensive animal meals such as fishmeal (FM). Previous Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus studies have indicated that poultry by‐product meal (PBM) and meat and bone meal can be used to produce a FM‐free diet if suitable levels of nutrients (such as taurine) are included in the diets. In this study, we attempted to develop an all‐plant protein diet by removing the animal proteins in practical diets for pompano by substituting back select ingredients. A series of eight FM‐free diets were formulated, four systematically replaced soybean meal (SBM) with soy protein concentrate (SPC) and four replaced PBM with SPC. Based on the results, there is no clear disadvantage to the use of SPC as a replacement for SBM. However, the complete removal of PBM resulted in reduced performance. Two additional growth trials were conducted to supplement additional amino acids including glycine, valine and histidine, a proprietary chemical attractant mix, fish protein concentrate and squid hydrolysate to improve the growth of pompano when fed all‐plant protein diets. The only improvement in performance occurred with the squid hydrolysate. These results demonstrate that using soybean meal, soy protein concentrate and corn gluten meal as the primary protein sources, a plant‐based feed formulation can be developed, but the removal of all animal proteins is not yet feasible.     

Effects of partial or total replacement of fish meal with freeze‐dried krill (Euphausia superba) on growth and nutrient utilization of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed the same practical diets

Studies were conducted with juvenile (28 g) Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) fed fish meal (FM) based diets with partial (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%) or total (100%) replacement of FM with freeze‐dried krill (FDK). Addition of dietary FDK significantly stimulated feeding activity in both species and resulted in higher feed consumption and intakes of digestible protein (DP) and energy (DE). This is a significant finding on the feed attractant properties of FDK because it occurred despite having 2–4 MJ kg^?1 higher levels of DE in the FDK diets which could have had an intake suppression effect. In addition, it indicates that the soluble protein fraction of krill thought to be responsible for its attractant properties and is routinely lost or greatly reduced during commercial processing of krill meals, is retained by freeze‐drying. Supplementation of FDK significantly improved growth rates, digestibility and nutrient utilization. Levels exceeding 25–50% FM replacement, however, generally did not significantly increase growth performance or nutrient utilization. In addition, feed formulations with high FDK (>75% replacement) are likely to be cost‐prohibitive as long as the market price remains higher than FM.     

食诱剂与低剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺混配对棉铃虫种群的控制作用

食诱剂可以同时引诱棉铃虫雌、雄成虫，对其田间种群的防治效果明显。在撒施应用中，氯虫苯甲酰胺常被用作棉铃虫食诱剂的伴施杀虫剂，现阶段推荐使用浓度为0.5 μL/mL。本文测定了食诱剂与低剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺混配对棉铃虫成虫繁殖力及卵孵化率的影响，同时评估了其田间防治效果。在室内，氯虫苯甲酰胺浓度为0.25、0.125、0.0625 μL/mL的食诱剂对棉铃虫雌成虫的致死率分别为75.81%、67.01%和60.24%。以氯虫苯甲酰胺浓度0.25、0.125 μL/mL的食诱剂饲喂棉铃虫雌成虫，其存活个体的繁殖系数较未取食杀虫剂的对照组分别下降95.39%和91.61%。在田间罩笼中，提供相同数量的棉铃虫成虫，无论是仅雌成虫取食氯虫苯甲酰胺浓度为0.25 μL/mL的食诱剂，还是雌、雄成虫均进行取食，田间落卵量较未取食氯虫苯甲酰胺的对照组平均下降73.56%，后代幼虫发生量平均减少75.55%。因此，食诱剂与低剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺混配对棉铃虫成虫及其后代种群有明显控制作用，为棉铃虫食诱剂撒施中伴施杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺的减量使用提供了科学依据。     

7种挥发性化合物对柑橘木虱引诱效果的评价

柑橘黄龙病对全球的柑橘产业造成了严重的经济损失,其传播媒介主要为柑橘木虱。在前期研究中利用柑橘木虱对4种芸香科植物的取食偏好结合代谢组学分析筛选出一批可能对柑橘木虱具有引诱效果的挥发性化合物,本研究鉴定了邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯、癸酸、正辛醇、左旋香芹酮、2-环己烯酮、反式-1,2-环己二醇、吡嗪等7种挥发性化合物在0、0.1%、1%、10%4个浓度和10、20、30、40、50、60 min 6个持续时间下对柑橘木虱的引诱效果,并比较了其中5种脂溶性挥发物在各自最优浓度下的引诱效果。试验结果表明,7种挥发物对柑橘木虱都有引诱效果,但是引诱效果与挥发物浓度及持续时间有关。吡嗪、左旋香芹酮、正辛醇、2-环己烯酮、癸酸、邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯和反式-1,2-环己二醇的最佳引诱浓度分别为0.1%、1%、1%、1%、10%、10%、10%。六臂嗅觉仪试验结果显示5种脂溶性挥发物中1%左旋香芹酮的引诱效果高于10%癸酸、10%邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯、1%2-环己烯酮、1%正辛醇及对照(矿物油),但与其他4种挥发物没有显著差异。研究结果可为柑橘木虱引诱剂的开发提供参考,促进柑橘黄龙病的绿色防控。     

植物挥发物对黏虫性诱剂引诱效果的影响

黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)是一种重要的季节性、远距离迁飞害虫,近些年在我国的发生有明显加重的趋势。本试验运用电生理学技术和风洞技术,测定黏虫的触角对5种植物挥发物的反应,并进一步评价了植物挥发物与黏虫性诱剂在田间联合应用对成虫的诱捕效果,为黏虫性诱剂的高效利用和虫情监测提供依据。电生理学试验结果表明,黏虫雌、雄蛾对苯乙醛、芳樟醇、Z-3-己烯基乙酸酯的反应有显著差异(P0.05)。除α-法尼烯外,黏虫雌、雄蛾对植物气味化合物的触角电位值均随浓度的升高而升高;风洞行为试验结果表明,与对照相比,雄蛾对苯乙醛、Z-3-己烯基乙酸酯、β-石竹烯均表现出逆风飞行行为(比例分别为50.6%、50.3%和44.9%),芳樟醇则对雄蛾具有一定的驱避作用。田间试验结果表明,单一植物挥发物对黏虫的吸引力较小,且各挥发物之间无显著差异;苯乙醛、β-石竹烯、Z-3-己烯基乙酸酯和性诱剂组合配方的引诱效果最佳,诱捕量是单独使用性诱剂的1.8倍(P0.05)。     

田间背景气味对植物源引诱剂的干扰及相应研发策略

植物挥发物在害虫的寄主选择过程中发挥着重要作用。植物源引诱剂是一类重要的害虫绿色防控产品，也是目前害虫无害化防治的研究热点。但目前大多数研究还未达到田间可应用的程度。其主要原因是田间引诱效率不理想。已有研究显示田间背景气味可干扰昆虫的嗅觉定向，干扰植物源引诱剂的引诱效率。因此对以往忽略的田间背景气味干扰加以重视，可进一步加快植物源引诱剂的研发进程。本文从气味传播与昆虫嗅觉感知、背景气味干扰嗅觉定向、田间背景气味复杂性和其对引诱剂的干扰等方面进行了综述与探讨，并对引诱剂配方组配过程中如何降低田间背景气味的干扰提出了相应的研发策略，以期促进植物源引诱剂的创新发展。