广东大鹏湾海域糙齿海豚体内多氯联苯的分布特征与毒性评价

以广东大鹏湾海域糙齿海豚(Steno bredanensisLesson)为研究对象,采用气相色谱法分析了海豚8种组织中多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量。将海豚8种组织分别经皂化、萃取、净化、浓缩等处理后,用Agilent 6890N型气相色谱仪、DB-XLB型毛细管气相色谱柱(30 m×0.32 mm×0.50μm)、ECD检测器测定。共检测出43种PCBs同系物。结果表明,PCBs在海豚8种不同组织中的含量范围为19.6~1 326.3 ng/g组织,皮肤中比其余7种组织的PCBs含量(19.6~90.4 ng.g-1)高2个数量级,各组织中含量由大到小依次为皮肤、心脏、肌肉、肝脏、睾丸、胃、肾脏、肺。PCBs同系物和同族物在海豚不同组织中的分布特征相似,同系物中以PCB153所占总量的百分比最大,在18.7%~21.1%之间,其次分别为PCB180、PCB187,分别占9.65%~12.02%和4.08~9.26%,PCB138、PCB157、PCB151、PCB110和PCB145等5种同系物所占百分比相对较低,范围为0.87%~5.80%;在同族物中以含6个氯原子的PCBs百分比最大,为48.2%~58.2%,其次分别是含7个和5个氯原子的,所占百分比分别为18.76%~24.81%和12.10%~18.10%。应用二英毒性当量(TEQ)评价了糙齿海豚不同组织中PCBs的毒性,其TEQs范围为45.04~2 896.67 pg/g,其中皮肤的毒性当量最高,比肺的高2个数量级,比心脏、睾丸、肌肉、肝脏、胃和肾脏的高1个数量级。TEQs主要来自非邻位取代的PCBs,占总量的98.5%~99.3%,其中来自PCB126的占86.3%~93.7%,是海豚体中TEQs的主体。与世界其他海域海豚的PCBs污染水平相比,大鹏湾海域糙齿海豚的PCBs污染处于相对严重水平。     

Redistribution of organic pollutants in river sediments and alluvial soils related to major floods

Background, Aims, and Scope  More frequent occurrence of stronger floods in Europe as well as in other parts of the world in recent years raises major concern about the material damages, but also an important issue of contamination of the affected areas through flooding. The effects of major floods on levels and distribution of contamination with hydrophobic organic pollutants were examined from the continuous set of data for floodplain soils and sediments from a model industrial area in the Czech Republic where a 100-year flood occurred in 1997. The goal of this study was to evaluate the risk related to contamination associated with such extensive natural events and characterize the spatial and temporal distribution and dynamics of pollutants related to a major flooding shortly after the floods and also in the time period several years after floods. Methods  Sediments and alluvial soils from fourteen sites each were repeatedly sampled during the period from 1996 until 2005. The sampling sites represented five regions. Collected top-layer sediment and soil samples were characterized and analyzed for hydrophobic organic pollutants PCBs, OCPs and HCB using GC-ECD and PAHs using a GC-MS instrument. Spatial and temporal differences as well as the relative distribution of the pollutants were examined in detail by statistical analysis including multivariate methods with special emphases placed on the changes related to floods. Results  The organic pollutants levels in both alluvial soils and sediments exceeded the safe environmental limits at numerous sites. Pollutants concentrations and relative distribution as well as organic carbon content in both sediment and floodplain soils were significantly affected by the flooding, which resulted in a decrease of all studied contaminants in sediments and significant rise of the PAH pollution in the flooded soils. There was a unique and highly conserved PAH pattern in soils regardless of the floods and greater changes in PAH pattern in sediments related to floods. The relative distribution of individual PAHs reflected a combustion generated PAH profile. PAH levels in the river sediments rose again at the sites with continuous sources several years after floods. Discussion  The results showed different dynamics of PAHs and PCBs during the floods when PAHs were redistributed from the sediments to alluvial soils while PCBs have been washed out of the study regions. The data reveal longer contamination memory and consistent contamination pattern in soils, whereas sediments showed more dynamic changes responding strongly to the actual situation. The stable PAH pattern within the regions also indicates that a relative amount of all compounds is comparable across the samples and, thus, that the sources at different sites have similar character. Conclusions  Sediments have the potential to function as a secondary source of contamination for the aquatic ecosystem, but also for the floodplain soils and other flooded areas. The floods served as a vector of PAHs contamination from sediments to soils. The reloading of river sediments in time, namely with PAHs, due to present sources increases their risk as a potential source in the next bigger flood event both to the downstream river basin and affected alluvial soils. Recommendations and Perspectives  The results stress the importance of including the floodplain soil contamination in the risk assessment focused on flood effects. Floodplain soils have stable long-term environmental memory related to contamination levels, pattern and distribution, whereby they can provide relevant information on the overall contamination of the area. The sediments will continue to serve as a potential source of contaminants and alluvial soils as the catchment media reflecting the major flood events, especially until effective measures are taken to limit contamination sources. ESS-Submission Editor: Dr. Henner Hollert (Hollert@uni-heidelberg.de) This article is openly accessible!     

Persistent organic pollutants in meat,liver, tallow and bone marrow from semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) in Northern Norway

Background

The aim of this project was to study 14 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 5 dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethans (DDTs), 12 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 6 polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in meat, liver, tallow and bone marrow from semi-domesticated reindeer.

Methods

Meat, liver, tallow, and bone marrow samples (n= 30) were collected from semi-domesticated reindeer in Northern Norway. Determination of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) concentrations was done by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Dependent sample t-test and Pearson’s correlation test were used in statistical analysis.

Results

Concentrations of the persistent organic pollutants in the samples from semi-domesticated reindeer were generally low and slightly above the limit of detection (LOD). For PCBs and OCPs, ≥ 50% of the samples had concentrations above LOD. For the DDTs and PBDEs, the proportion of samples with concentrations above LOD varied between 3.7 and 45.5% depending on the sample type. Concentrations of PCB 99, 105, 138/163, 153 and 187 differed significantly between meat and liver, whereas concentrations of PCB 183 were significantly different between tallow and bone marrow. Furthermore, concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were significantly different between meat and liver. Significant correlations were revealed in concentrations of 5 PCB congeners between the studied tissue types.

Conclusion

Concentrations of the POPs revealed in this study were generally low.     

多氯联苯（PCB_（153）与PCB_（28））对大型溞的毒性效应研究

选用大型溞作为受试生物,探讨多氯联苯（PCB153与PCB28）对浮游动物的急性和慢性毒性反应,初步评价多氯联苯（PCBs）对浮游动物的毒害效应。急性毒性试验中,PCB28和PCB153对大型溞的48h-LC50分别为27.08μg·L-1和579.16μg·L-1。实验表明,大型溞对PCB28的敏感性高于对PCB153的敏感性。慢性毒性试验显示,PCB28和PCB153对大型溞的生长、生殖均有不利影响,PCB28的影响表现为随浓度的升高,生长和生殖抑制效应加强;PCB153对大型溞生长的影响表现为随浓度升高而抑制效应增强,但其对大型溞的繁殖则表现为低浓度抑制而高浓度促进的现象虼耍团ǘ榷嗦攘剑≒CB153、PCB28）长期暴露的潜在毒性和高浓度多氯联苯的急性毒性在环境生态安全研究中值得高度关注。     

兰州地区PCBs的长距离传输潜力及其总持久性模拟研究

运用TaPL3 (version 3.00)模型计算了7种PCBs同系物在兰州地区通过大气和水体的特征迁移距离(CTD)及其总持久性(Pov),讨论了其长距离传输潜力(LRTP)和Pov之间的关系,并以PCB28为例,应用灵敏度分析方法对模型的不确定性进行了研究.结果显示,兰州地区PCB28、PCB52、PCB77、PCB101、PCB 138、PCB153和PCB180通过大气的CTDar在250～2 500 km之间,Pov在500～33 000 d之间,PCB138、PCB153和PCB180对源区影响较大;通过水体的CTDwater在6 500～61 000 km之间,Pov在850～36 000 d之间,PCB28、PCB52、PCB77和PCB101对源区影响较大.7种PCBs的同系物LRTP和Pov之间没有直接的联系,就排放到大气中的PCBs而言,对Pov和CTD影响最大的参数都是理化参数;就排放到水体中的PCBs而言,Pov比CTD更依赖于PCBs的理化性质,而CTD比Pov更依赖于环境条件.同国外的研究相比,兰州地区PCB28通过大气的CTDar偏低,通过水体的CTDwater偏高,PCB28通过大气和水体的Pov都偏高.     

黄河内蒙古段头道拐断面沉积物中六六六(HCHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留特征分析研究

采用索式提取法和气相色谱法对黄河内蒙古段头道拐断面沉积物中的六六六(HCHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)进行了分析测定.结果表明:HCHs和∑PCBs在黄河内蒙古段头道拐断面沉积物中均有检出,α-HCH和β-HCH的平均浓度分别为6.70 ng/g和6.24 ng/g,处于中等污染水平;除八氯联苯外,PCBs的各异构体在该断面沉积物中均有检出,且检出率均在65%以上,∑PCBs平均浓度为1.46 ng/g,处于较低污染水平;HCHs和PCBs的残留水平随时间均没有明显的变化.对黄河内蒙古段沉积物中HCHs和PCBs污染物的来源进行了解析,HCHs污染的最大贡献源是河套灌区的农业退水,PCBs的主要来源是历史残留.     

Tillage effects on the accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls in biosolid‐amended soils

Soil tillage along with the application of organic waste probably affects the concentrations of organic carbon and the enrichment of introduced polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In a three‐year experiment the PCB status of soils from three different field sites (silty clay loam, silt loam, sandy loam) which were long‐term differently tilled (NT = no‐tillage, CT = conventional plough tillage) and amended with two different organic wastes such as sewage sludge and compost (biosolids) was examined. No significant alteration in soil‐PCB quality and quantity with biosolid application could be proven within the course of the experiments. This indicates soil‐air exchange of PCBs dominates their concentrations in soil. Organic carbon in soil was significantly tillage‐dependent and determined the fate of PCBs resulting in a generally elevated PCB‐level in the non tilled soils. Linear regression of PCB load and organic matter content of all investigated untreated soils was highly significant (R² = 0.73). Due to already elevated PCB levels in non tilled soils with a maximum of 65 μg kg^—1 in the superficial layer of the silt loam control plot, any additional potential input, i. e. through the amendment with organic wastes, should therefore be avoided.     

海水养殖贝类体中TPH和PCBs的分布和积累研究

根据2005年4月和10月对厦门海域贝类养殖区养殖贝类体中有毒有害物质含量的调查资料,对4种养殖贝类(僧帽牡蛎、菲律宾蛤仔、泥蚶和缢蛏)体中石油类(TPH)和多氯联苯(PCBs)含量的分布和积累特征进行了研究。结果表明,厦门海域4种养殖贝类体中TPH和PCBs含量范围分别为(2·89~34·6)mg/kg,湿重和(5·06~45·7)μg/kg,湿重,总平均值分别为12·3mg/kg,湿重和15·5μg/kg,湿重。总体上,养殖贝类体TPH和PCBs含量的区域分布,潮间带养殖贝类>浅海养殖贝类>虾池养殖贝类,呈西海域和同安湾内较高,大嶝海域较低的格局。养殖贝类体TPH和PCBs含量季节变化呈春季(4月)高于秋季(10月)之势。养殖贝类体内组织对TPH和PCBs吸收和积累能力的高低为胃(包括胃含物)>肌肉组织>外套腔液。缢蛏体对TPH的吸收和积累能力较强,泥蚶对PCBs吸收和积累能力较强。这与其自身对TPH和PCBs的吸收和排泄能力有密切的关系。厦门海域养殖贝类受到PCBs轻度污染,一些养殖区的缢蛏、泥蚶和僧帽牡蛎受到TPH的不同程度污染。     

A two generation chronic mixture toxicity study of Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate after gestational and lactational exposure in female Wistar rats

Polychlorinated biphenyls and diethyl phthalate are both lipophilic in nature and are likely to be present in the same environmental compartment or bioaccumalate over a period of time, thus a mixture toxicity study was undertaken to evaluate the type of interaction between polychlorinated biphenyls (Clophen A60) and diethyl phthalate over two generations in female Wistar rats. Healthy male and female albino rats of Wistar strain weighing 75-100 g (6-7 weeks old) were randomly assigned to four groups of six each. Group I male and female rats were fed on normal diet and water ad libitum. Group II male and female rats were maintained on normal diet mixed with corn oil as oil control. GroupS III and IV male and female rats were given Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate dissolved in corn oil mixed with the diet at 50 mg/kg of the diet individually to each group. Group V male and female rats received a mixture of diethyl phthalate and Clophen A60, each dissolved in corn oil mixed with the diet at 50 mg/kg of the diet. Hundred days after the treatment, females were mated with the males in each group for 10 days. Exposure to diethyl phthalate and Clophen A60 was continued throughout mating, gestation until termination at weaning, which was 150 days of total treatment period of the parental generation female rats. Treatment for F1 generation male and female pups (6 males & 6 females) with Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate individually and in mixture was continued at doses reduced to 25 mg/kg of the diet after they reached 75-100 g in weight. The treatment was carried out similar to the parental generation for a period of 150 days. Liver and serum aspartate aminotransferase, liver cholesterol and glycogen were significantly increased in the F1 generation Clophen A60 + diethyl phthalate treated group, whereas serum cholesterol, liver glutathione and glutathione reductase showed a significant decrease in the F1 generation Clophen A60 + diethyl phthalate treated group as compared to the parental generation mixture and individually treated groups as well as the individually treated F1 generation groups. A significant increase was observed in the liver and serum aspartate aminotransferase activity of Clophen A60 and serum aspartate aminotransferase levels of diethyl phthalate treated F1 generation rats as compared to the parental generation Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate individually and mixture treated rats. Liver glutathione levels were significantly decreased in the F1 generation Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate individually treated rats which was similar to the parental generation individually treated rats as compared to the controls. Liver glutathione reductase level was also significantly declined in the diethyl phthalate treated F1 individual group as compared to diethyl phthalate individually treated parental generation rats. Histology of the liver showed fatty degeneration in the mixture treated F1 generation rats as compared to Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate individually treated F1 rats and parental generation Clophen A60 and diethyl phthalate individually and mixture treated rats. Thus, in spite of dose reduction and continuous exposure over two generation’s to a mixture of diethyl phthalate and Clophen A60 exposed through gestation, lactation and diet leads to a synergistic toxic effect in the F1 generation.     

解放闸灌域表层土壤中PCBs的残留分布特征

选取解放闸灌域为研究区域,于2015年9月采集灌域内49个表层土壤样品,分析7种PCBs单体的残留量及分布特征。结果表明,98%的土壤样品存在PCBs污染,Σ7PCBs的残留量介于ND^65.04 ng/g,平均残留量10.28 ng/g。各单体间以低氯代联苯为主,PCB47的残留量占主导地位,检出率高达96%。高氯代联苯含量偏低,检出率同样较低为43%。7种PCBs在不同种植作物、土质、灌溉条件下土壤中的残留存在差异。采用克里金法对研究区域Σ7PCBs的空间分布进行探讨,在西南到东北方向上呈现出由低到高的不均匀分布,且浓度向一侧逐渐减小,西南部略低于东北部。