不同耕作方式对麦茬复种饲草干草产量的影响

在山西小麦主产区临汾市、晋中市采用免耕和传统耕作方式,麦茬复种饲用玉米、高丹草及饲用高粱等10个品种,通过其生产性能分析确定麦茬饲草的种植模式。结果表明,利用麦茬休闲地种植饲料作物,其生育期一般都较春播的时间短,且各个生育期间隔时间也缩短。在免耕条件下,10种饲草的平均干草产量显著高于传统耕作的干草产量,临汾试验区和晋中试验区其干草产量分别增产1747kg/hm2和2939kg/hm2。     

落葵多糖的提取方法及其工艺优化研究

通过单因素和正交试验,对提取落葵多糖的方法和工艺进行了研究。结果表明,落葵多糖的最佳提取方法为微波提取法;最佳的提取工艺条件为:料液比1∶50,提取2次,提取功率40 W,提取时间45 min,其中提取时间为主要影响因素。     

Irrigation and nitrogen scheduling as a requirement for optimising wheat yield and quality in Haryana, India

Wheat in Haryana (NW India) is grown as a winter crop in an annual sequence with rice, cotton, pearl millet or cluster bean as the main monsoon crops. Higher wheat yields in Haryana are associated with the use of modern varieties, increase in fertiliser use, improved irrigation practice and conservation tillage, and the recommendation to farmers for N fertiliser rates and timing and irrigation practice have an emphasis on optimising yield and input efficiencies. In India the importance to consumers of product quality does exist and, although the market place presently does not actively reward farmers for better quality wheat, the need for creating suitable and targeted marketing opportunities is now recognised. This paper examines aspects of input efficiencies and focuses on combinations of N-fertiliser and irrigation input in wheat crops grown with these four rotations (rice-wheat, cotton-wheat, pearl millet-wheat and cluster bean-wheat). Management practices that optimise grain production as well targeting grain that achieves best chapatti (Indian flat bread) quality are evaluated within a split-plot experiment where 4 irrigation schedule treatments were split with nitrogen management treatments involving a 2-way or 3-way split of N fertiliser. With the rice-wheat system, there were no differences between different split timings of N with grain yield, however with the 3 other wheat systems the 3 way split of N-fertiliser application, with N applied equally at N-fertiliser applied at seeding, early tillering and first node stage, always gave the highest yield. With all 4 rotations the highest protein level was achieved (range 11.8-12.5%) with this 3-way N application split. Grain yield increased in a step-wise manner as additional irrigation was implemented with all rotations and the highest protein outcomes were achieved with the least irrigations. The apparent recovery of N fertiliser applied was similar and highest with the 3-way split, and the 2-way split that did not include a basal N fertiliser application. Different rates of N fertiliser were included in separate experiments using the 3-way split of N application, and with the rice-wheat rotation the GreenSeeker instrument was used to establish the rate for the third application of N. The application of extra N-fertiliser with the non rice-wheat rotations produced no additional grain yield with an increase in the N-fertiliser input beyond 150 kg N ha⁻¹, although protein and N-content increased incrementally. Grain hardness and chapatti score trended higher with increases in N-fertiliser input but the increases were relatively small. The use of the GreenSeeker instrument with the rice-wheat rotation resulted in N saving of 21-25 kg N ha⁻¹ with similar grain yield, protein and grain hardness to that provided by using the recommended 150 kg N ha⁻¹. Where the GreenSeeker was used the apparent recovery was 70-75% compared with 60% with the wheat receiving the recommended 150 kg N ha⁻¹, suggesting farmers are likely to be over-fertilising their wheat crop. The best yields obtained in these experiments were about 5.5-6.0 t ha⁻¹ and these yields are consistent with a decade-long attainable yield identified for wheat in rice-wheat rotation for Haryana. If farmers can achieve market recognition for chapatti quality, and with the use of appropriate varieties, then farmers can assume that the best practice outlined here for optimising grain yield with integrated nutrient and soil management will be the same practice that optimises chapatti quality.     

Do farmers in Germany exploit the potential yield and nitrogen benefits from preceding oilseed rape in winter wheat cultivation?

Field experiments show that wheat grown after oilseed rape (OSR) achieves higher yield levels, while the nitrogen (N) application is reduced. However, field experiment data are based on few locations with optimised management. We analysed a large dataset based on farm data to assess the true extent of break crop benefits (BCB) for yield and N fertilisation within German commercial farming.

Across all German states and years, average yield of wheat preceded by OSR was 0.56 Mg ha^?1 higher than yield of wheat preceded by cereals (7.09 Mg ha^?1), although considerable variation between regions was observed. Mean N application across all states to wheat after OSR was 5 kg ha^?1 lower than to wheat after cereals. Choice of wheat types for different end uses (bread flour or animal feed) showed higher (0.77 Mg ha^?1) or lower (0.44 Mg ha^?1) BCB for yield of wheat cultivated after OSR compared with after cereals. The calculated BCB for yield and N fertilisation were lower than expected from dedicated field experiments and fertiliser recommendations. Thus the advantages of OSR as a preceding crop are generally utilised by commercial farmers in Germany but there is room for improvement.     

耕作和秸秆还田对土壤团聚体有机碳及其作物产量的影响

通过3年的田间定位试验,研究不同耕作方式、秸秆还田对土壤团聚体、有机碳含量和作物产量的影响。试验共设置6个处理:翻耕+化肥(T1)、翻耕+秸秆还田+化肥(T2)、旋耕+化肥(T3)、旋耕+秸秆还田+化肥(T4)、免耕+化肥(T5)、免耕+秸秆还田+化肥(T6)。结果表明:与翻耕相比,0—20cm土层免耕处理大团聚体(2mm)含量增加35.79%,中粒度团聚体(2~0.25mm)含量增加30.81%,微团聚体(0.25~0.106mm)含量增加25.80%。免耕+秸秆还田的T6处理土壤团聚体中有机碳含量最高,大团聚体(A1)、中粒度团聚体(A2)和微团聚体(M1)中分别比"翻耕+化肥"的T1处理高25.04%,28.55%,18.12%。传统耕作作物产量高于保护性耕作,"翻耕+化肥"的T1处理在2013,2014,2015年的水稻当量产量分别比"免耕+化肥"的T5处理高12.30%,13.22%,15.20%。免耕和秸秆还田等保护性耕作方式提高了土壤团聚体含量,增加了土壤固碳,但一定程度上影响了水稻和小麦幼苗生长,降低了作物产量。     

华北冬小麦-夏玉米系统有机态氮替代的产量及肥料效应

通过多年定位试验,探讨了秋施基肥有机态氮替代化肥态氮对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统粮食产量的影响,为华北地区冬小麦-夏玉米轮作合理施用氮肥提供理论依据。试验开始于2010年6月,只对秋施基肥进行有机态氮替代化肥态氮。试验处理如下:CK,不施肥处理;M_0C_(100),零有机肥替代;M_(20)C_(80),20%有机肥替代;M_(50)C_(50),50%有机肥替代;M_(100)C_0,100%有机肥替代。试验结果显示,与M_0C_(100)相比,不同量有机态氮替代对冬小麦产量没有显著差异,产量均处在6 633.3~7 600 kg/hm~2之间。但是,有机态氮替代对夏玉米产量影响较显著,M_(100)C~0夏玉米产量最高,为7 416.7~9 575 kg/hm~2,M_0C_(100)最低,只有6 583.3~7 060 kg/hm~2,M_(20)C_(80)和M_(50)C_(50)夏玉米产量处在两者之间。同时,有机态氮替代提高了夏玉米的氮肥贡献率、偏生产力以及农学效率。在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中,秋施基肥有机态氮替代提高了整个轮作系统的粮食产量,尤其对下茬作物夏玉米产量影响较大,因此,秋施基肥有机态氮替代在华北冬小麦-夏玉米轮作系统中是可行的。     

水分对芒果叶片、产量及果实品质影响的研究进展

近年来由于环境变化加剧和水资源日益匮乏,干旱对世界范围内的作物生长带来了巨大的影响。综述近几年水分对芒果叶片、枝梢生理生化的影响及灌溉对芒果产量、单果重、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸等含量的影响。探讨水分对芒果生理及果实品质的研究,为以后芒果生产实践奠定一定基础。     

化肥减量配施有机肥对早稻田温室气体排放的影响

为明确化肥减量配施有机肥对早稻田温室气体排放的影响,在长期定位施肥试验区采用密闭静态箱法采集温室气体,监测了常规施用化肥以及化肥减量配施鲜猪粪、沼液沼渣、猪粪堆肥、紫云英绿肥等不同施肥处理的早季稻田主要温室气体排放动态,探讨了不同施肥措施对稻田温室气体累积排放量、全球增温潜势(GWP)及排放强度(GHGI)的影响。结果表明:不同施肥措施下早稻田温室气体的排放存在明显的差异;与常规施肥相比,各化肥减量配施有机肥处理均促进了早稻田CH_4和CO_2的排放,而化肥减量配施鲜猪粪、猪粪堆肥处理的N_2O排放量分别降低了7.09%、4.89%。在早稻生长季,化肥减量配施有机肥虽引起了稻田GWP值的增加,增幅在5.00%~59.58%之间,但也使稻谷产量增加了6.15%~12.10%,选择适宜的有机肥还可降低稻田的GHGI值;其中化肥减量配施猪粪堆肥是本试验中促进早稻增产和实现温室气体减排的最佳施肥措施。     

Herbicide ready-mixes effects on weed control efficacy,non-target and residual toxicities,productivity and profitability in sugarcane–green gram cropping system

Weeds pose a major challenge at the initial stages of sugarcane and when uncontrolled cause high yield losses. This study was undertaken to define a better and cost-effective weed management strategy. We compared ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium (hereafter referred to as trifloxysulfuron) ready-mixes with single applications of trifloxysulfuron, atrazine and 2,4-D for efficacy, non-target and residual toxicities, yield and profitability in a sugarcane–green gram rotation. Results showed that a density of 100 weeds m^?2 could reduce sugarcane yield by 18.4 t ha^?1. The ready-mix ametryn + trifloxysulfuron (1097.3 + 27.8) g a.i. ha^?1 applied 15 days after planting (DAP) caused reductions in weed density by 88.2%, 90.9%, and 90.3%, and weed biomass by 68.0%, 53.8%, and 56.2% compared to unweeded control at 30, 60, and 90 DAP, respectively. Consequently, the sugarcane yield, system productivity, and net returns were increased by 92.1%, 43.5%, and 1515%, respectively due to this ready-mix. It increased system productivity by 23%, 17.2%, and 22.7% compared to trifloxysulfuron, atrazine, and 2,4-D treatments, respectively. This ready-mix may be recommended in sugarcane. This would reduce weed seed bank and herbicide application cost by 50%, and prevent/delay weed shift and resistance.     

有机无机肥长期定位配施对冬小麦~(13)C同化物分配及产量的影响

为研究有机无机配施对冬小麦不同时期光合同化物转运分配及产量的影响,以石麦15(SM15)为供试品种,牛粪为有机肥,采用~(13)CO_2标记的方法,设置不施氮肥(CK)、单施尿素(U)、单施牛粪(M)和有机无机配施(U+M)4种施肥方式进行试验。结果表明,~(13)C同化物在挑旗期、开花期主要向茎秆和叶鞘分配,灌浆期则主要向籽粒分配;成熟期约有87.5%的灌浆期同化产物分配到籽粒中,约75.4%的开花期同化产物分配到籽粒中,而仅15.2%的挑旗期同化产物分配向籽粒,灌浆期同化产物对籽粒重的贡献最大。成熟期不同施肥处理间相比,挑旗期及开花期的~(13)C同化物均是不施氮与配施处理向籽粒的分配较多,单施尿素处理滞留于茎鞘中较多;灌浆期13C同化物以单施有机肥与配施处理向籽粒的分配较多,最终配施处理向籽粒分配的挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期的同化产物均较多。单施有机肥处理千粒重较高,单施尿素处理穗数较高,配施处理产量结构更平衡且产量最高。由此可知,有机无机肥配施能促进各时期同化产物向籽粒的分配并有利于产量的提高。本研究结果为有机肥的合理施用及籽粒产量的提高提供了理论依据。