The effect of soil: Water ratios on the agronomic significance of the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extracts

Abstract

A correction is proposed for the evaluation of salinity effects on the basis of the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extracts. It is suggested that the dilution of the soil solution during the preparation of the saturated paste must be taken into account. Equations for estimating the electrical conductivity of a soil solution at field capacity are presented. The corrected equations improve the ability to predict the salinity hazard by determining the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract.     

Mobility of trace metals associated with urban particles exposed to natural waters of various salinities from the Gironde Estuary, France

Background, aim and scope  Urban systems are hot spots of environmental pollution caused by manifold anthropogenic activities generating traffic-related, industrial and domestic emissions. Besides air, soil and groundwater pollution, pollution of surface water systems is of major concern because they are often (ab)used to export waste of various consistence out of urban areas and become contaminated on varying scales. The Gironde Estuary (southwest France) is affected by various anthropogenic contaminations derived from historic polymetallic pollution mainly due to former mining and ore-treatment and, additionally, from agriculture and urban areas. Although detailed knowledge is available on the impact of mining and anthropogenic activities on the water quality of the Gironde Estuary, almost nothing is known on the urban impact, even though the Garonne Branch which is one tributary of the Gironde system crosses the large urban agglomeration of Bordeaux. The present work links urban geochemistry and estuary research and aims at evaluating the mobility of potentially toxic trace elements (Cd, Cu, Zn, V, Co, Mo, Pb) associated with urban particles under estuarine conditions owing to the particles' role as potential vectors transporting urban pollutants into the estuary. For this, environmentally available fractions of trace elements in representative urban particles (urban dust, road sediment, riverbank sediment, construction materials) from the city of Bordeaux were extracted by natural estuarine waters of varying salinities and compared to commonly applied HNO₃ extractions. Materials and methods  For the assessment of the urban particles' contribution to the pollution of the Gironde/Garonne system, various particle types were sampled in Bordeaux: road sediments, urban bulk deposition, construction materials (concrete, asphalt, tile and gravel) and flood sediments. Potentially environmental available fractions of Cd, Cu, Zn, V, Co, Mo and Pb were extracted by means of concentrated HNO₃, estuarine freshwaters and waters of two different salinities (S = 15 and S = 31). Analysis of trace elements was carried out by means of quadrupole inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, single particles from road sediments were characterised with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results  SEM analysis clearly showed that some particles contained fairly high concentrations of potentially toxic trace elements. Extractions of materials investigated by varying acidities and salinities documented that the potentially bioavailable fractions extracted by concentrated HNO₃ may cover wide concentration ranges. Natural estuarine waters of various salinities (S = 0.5; S = 15; S = 31) extracted high proportions of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd from urban particles, especially for high-salinity water (S = 31). Extractions with freshwater revealed the lowest concentrations of desorbed trace elements. Particulate Mo, Pb and V showed similar or lower mobility in saline water compared with freshwater, depending on the sample type. Discussion  Trace element mobility in estuarine waters varied according to the type of urban particles and depended on salinity for Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd. This is of high importance for towns located directly at the coast or for cities like Bordeaux, where water courses crossing the agglomerations are connected to saline water masses. Since trace elements desorbed from particles in saline waters may become highly bioavailable, they bear a potential risk for organisms. Comprehensive studies on the behaviour of urban particles in estuarine waters and the related potential environmental impact are still missing. Conclusions  Saline waters mobilise relatively high amounts of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd from urban particles suggesting considerable metal fluxes from riverine urban systems into coastal waters. Although estimates of trace metal inputs by urban bulk deposition (urban dust) and other types of urban particles are preliminary for Bordeaux and may bear important uncertainties due to several assumptions and extrapolation to the annual timescale, the orders of magnitude are probably realistic. Thus, these fluxes are not negligible and need (1) further and improved observation and (2) to be taken into account in both mass budgets at the estuary scale and emission control strategies. Recommendations and perspectives  New approaches combining geochemical and mineralogical characterisation of single urban particle types help identify their role in metal emission into the environment and develop potential limitation strategies (e.g. the ban of priority pollutants in tyres, etc.). Therefore, prioritisation of urban particle sources in terms of fluxes, reactivity of associated pollutants and feasibility of emission reduction is strongly recommended. Coastal cities should integrate extractions of urban particles with saline water into their environmental monitoring programs owing to the fact that saline conditions might cause efficient desorption of potentially toxic trace elements. In continental cities, winter salting is likely to induce intense mobilisation of metals from road sediments that may then reach the aquatic environment, instead of being retained in runoff decantation reservoirs followed by subsequent disposal/treatment with road sediments. However, also particles from continental cities reach coastal waters via rivers and have to be assessed with respect to trace metal desorption under various salinities. There is a strong need for the quantification of fluxes and for the identification of carrier phases and reactivity of metals exported from urban areas to aquatic systems.     

硬骨鱼类渗透调控的研究进展

盐度是影响鱼类生长的重要水环境因子之一,盐度变化时鱼类会通过相应的生理调整来维持体内外渗透压的动态平衡。鱼类渗透调控的机制较为复杂,从细胞、酶、基因和激素等方面,对不同鱼类的盐度调节机理进行了分析和阐述。     

盐藻DNA对大豆幼苗耐盐性的影响

[目的]增强大豆幼苗的耐盐性。[方法]用0.1 mol/L氯化钙溶液浸泡大豆种子4 h后,将其浸入5 mg/L盐藻DNA水溶液中,蒸馏水浸泡作为对照组。选取长势一致的大豆幼苗,用蒸馏水冲洗干净幼苗的根部,栽于含3 g/L氯化钠的MS培养液中,处理与对照各60株。检测大豆幼苗耐盐适应性的变化。[结果]处理组的植株鲜重和株高分别较对照高出33.6和22.1个百分点,存活率高出46.7个百分点,根数减少了26.2个百分点,根长缩短了17.6个百分点。[结论]盐藻DNA提高了大豆幼苗的耐盐性。     

盐度胁迫对茳芏·短叶茳芏萌芽的影响

[目的]研究茳芏及短叶茳芏两种盐沼植物不同盐胁迫下对其萌芽的影响情况。[方法]以2种茳芏作为材料,采用盆栽实验研究盐胁迫下不同种茳芏的萌芽情况。[结果]低盐度对2种植物萌芽有促进作用,在盐度〉10‰的情况下,萌芽受到抑制,盐度越高抑制作用越大。[结果]2种植物适宜种植在低盐度地区。     

不同盐碱化草地对菊芋离子分布的影响

以轻度、中度和重度盐碱化草地上种植的菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)为试验材料,通过测定其不同生育期的离子分布,以期了解和揭示菊芋在不同盐碱胁迫下K⁺,Na⁺变化机制。结果表明:随土壤盐度的增加,菊芋植株Na⁺含量显著增加,K⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺值显著下降(P<0.05),不同器官K⁺/Na⁺值的变化顺序为:叶片>茎>根系。随土壤盐碱度的增加,根系K⁺,Na⁺的选择性吸收比率AS_K,Na升高;中度盐碱胁迫下菊芋现蕾期茎和叶片的选择性运输比率TS_K,Na升高,而在重度胁迫下则下降。同一盐碱程度胁迫下,叶片TS_K,Na>茎TS_K,Na,地上部K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺值大于地下部,而Na⁺含量小于地下部;不同生育期相比,在现蕾期菊芋中Na⁺含量较低,K⁺下降幅度小,K⁺/Na⁺值最高。     

高燕麦草苗期对盐胁迫的响应

以高燕麦草(Arrhenatherum elatius L.)ZXY03P-367和ZXY03P-443两种基因型为材料,研究其对不同浓度盐胁迫的响应。幼苗生长至三叶期,分别用浓度为0,65,100和135 mM NaCl处理21 d,测定4个盐浓度下的高燕麦草地上、地下生物量、离子含量、光合气体交换、脂质过氧化物、脯氨酸的积累。结果表明:在100和135 mMNaCl条件下,2种基因型高燕麦草大部分参数都存在显著差异(P<0.05)。盐处理导致地上和地下生物量、光合速率(A)、气孔导度(g_s)和K⁺含量降低的同时,Na⁺含量显著增加。而在叶片快速生长期,脂质过氧化物和脯氨酸显著积累。推测在高盐浓度胁迫下,这些有机物可能在高燕麦草叶片渗透调节和保护膜的稳定性上发挥着重要作用。综合分析,2种高燕麦草基因型对盐度的敏感度不同,ZXY03P-367相对ZXY03P-443具有较强的耐盐性。     

我国不同地区芒和荻种质资源抗盐性的初步评价

根据盐胁迫后供试材料相对生长高度、相对生物量等的变化,评价了我国不同地区36份芒(Miscanthus sinensis Anderss.)和荻(M.sacchari florus(Maxim.)Benth.)种质资源的抗盐性,以期为选育抗盐优质的芒属植物新品种提供试验依据。结果表明:盐浓度逐渐增加的持续胁迫下,供试材料间的抗盐性变异很大,芒的相对生长高度为50%的盐度S(S_50%)平均为14.93g·L^-1,变异系数为42.31%,荻的S_50%平均为12.97g·L^-1,变异系数为25.85%。盐胁迫下地上和地下部分生物量较对照提高的材料分别有7份和24份,而2部分生物量均提高的有6份。通过对材料相对生长量进行S_50%拟合,结合生物量变化分析发现,芒植物中抗盐性排前3位的分别为01114(29.12g·L^-1)、12001(19.32g·L^-1)和12189(16.39g·L^-1),而抗盐性最弱的材料为01121(8.84g·L^-1)。     

Eucalyptus plantations in Israel: an assessment of economic and environmental viability

This paper discusses a plantation management approach involving a combination of “short” and “long” rotations designed to allow farmers to receive income from trees as soon as possible after establishment. We present results from two plots that represent extreme conditions: (a) a seasonally waterlogged, non-saline site (Nahalal), and (b) a saline site (Ginnegar) located in the Yizre’el Valley, Israel. Six improved seed sources, four of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and two of E. occidentalis, were examined. The local Israeli seed source of E. camaldulensis (HA) performed best at both sites. In Nahalal, the short rotation thinning of the slower growing (50%) plantation trees could provide economic returns approximately five years after establishment. The calculated mean annual increment (MAI) of these trees reached 12.2 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The long rotation, or better performing half of the plantation trees, could be used as a source of sawn timber, providing higher-value products. By nine years after establishment, the average DBH of the various seed sources reached 25.8 ± 1.9 cm. The calculated MAI of the combined cutting rotations reached 48.3 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Eucalyptus grown under the combined (short- and long-term) management approach at Nahalal was more profitable than many other non-irrigated local crops. Eucalyptus production in Ginnegar would be less profitable than in Nahalal. However, an additional ecological benefit was provided by the crop’s ability to lower the water table. When this contribution to regional drainage is taken into account, trees become economically competitive with other non-irrigated field crops under saline conditions. Jim Morris–Deceased.     

Tree establishment under deficit irrigation on degraded agricultural land in the lower Amu Darya River region,Aral Sea Basin

Degraded land within the irrigated areas of the Aral Sea Basin is characterized by high soil salinity, shallow saline groundwater (GW), low irrigation water availability and thus is often unsuitable for crop cultivation. Afforestation is one option for mitigating such degraded land but to be successful it requires the selection of appropriate tree species and irrigation techniques for tree establishment. In a two factorial split–plot experiment the survival, dry matter production, root growth, and biomass partitioning of Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Ulmus pumila L., and Populus euphratica Oliv. were compared under three irrigation regimes for two consecutive years. During the third year, the response of the plantations to the cessation of irrigation was evaluated. A “deficit” and “full” water treatment, respectively amounting to 80 and 160 mm year⁻¹ was applied via drip irrigation. Traditional furrow irrigation supplied at the deficit rate, served as the control. Mixed linear model analysis showed significantly enhanced growth of P. euphratica under drip irrigation exceeding 7–14 times that under the control. Drip irrigation was not advantageous for the other species which effectively used the shallow (0.9–2.0 m deep) GW with a salinity ranging between 1.2 and 4.8 dS m⁻¹. After cessation of irrigation, all species at the deficit-irrigated plots retained or increased their growth rates. In contrast, formerly full-irrigated P. euphratica slowed down by about 50%, indicating that deficit watering created better pre-conditions for coping with the termination of irrigation. E. angustifolia produced about 30 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of above-ground biomass more than twice that of the other species, thus showing in the short-run its high potential on marginal land. U. pumila showed stable, albeit moderate growth rates and could be mixed with the short-living, fast-growing E. angustifolia plantations to optimize the yields. Low initial survival (57%) of P. euphratica was compensated for by its strong regeneration and drastically increasing growth rates. Initially high root-zone salinity exceeding 30 dS m⁻¹, stabilized over time within the medium range even in the absence of irrigation. The application of costly drip irrigation for plantation establishment appears unnecessary in the Aral Sea region Khorezm where a shallow, slightly-to-moderately saline GW table prevails throughout the growing season.