沂河入骆马湖河口防洪治理方案研究

河口的防洪治理，一直是个难题，针对沂河入骆马湖段存在的突出问题，通过治理措施的不断探索和研究，提出河口防洪治理的新途径，采取开挖中泓，整滩灭苇，以耕代清，填洼固堤等综合治理方案，治理效果显著，并提出了进一步治理的设想。     

Digestibility of common reed (Pharagmites communis Trin.) silage as ruminant feed and effects of inclusion levels in the diet of breeding cows on feed intake,ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites

To examine the digestibility of common reed (Pharagmites communis Trin.) silage and effects of inclusion levels in the diet of breeding cows on nutrient intakes, ruminal fermentation and nutrient status, two digestion trials using four sheep and cows, respectively, at the maintenance stage were conducted. In the trial using sheep, common reed silage contained 20% crude protein (CP) and 50% total digestible nutrients (TDN) on a dry matter basis. In the trial using cows, treatments were the control (92.4% Sudangrass hay and 7.6% soybean meal) and CS25, CS50 and CS80 (replacing 25%, 50%, and 80% of the control with silage, respectively). The intake and sufficiency rate of CP increased by increasing the silage level in the diet (P < 0.05), and the CP requirements of cows at maintenance was satisfied in CS80. In contrast, the sufficiency rate of TDN decreased in CS80, although it was 99.8%. Ruminal pH and NH₃‐N concentration changed among the treatments (P < 0.05); however, the blood metabolites were not affected by silage. The results indicated that including common reed silage of up to 80% in the diet of breeding cows was possible and did not have adverse effects on the blood metabolites.     

Effect of Adding Reed to Diet on Growth Performance and Apparent Digestibility in Fattening Hetian Sheep

In order to investigate the growth performance and apparent digestibility of Hetian sheep in fattening period response to adding reed in diet. Seventy-five Hetian sheep with 6 months old and body weight(30.59 kg±3.36 kg) were classified into 5 groups by single-factor completely random design of experiment, fifteen sheep were assigned to 0, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% reed addition group. Each group was fed difference diet during the experimental period (75 d). The results showed that the DM intake of 20% and 40% reed addition groups were extremely significant higher than control group (P< 0.01), respectively. The daily gain of 20% reed addition group was significantly higher than control group (P< 0.05), the daily gain of 10%, 30% and 40% reed addition groups were higher than control group 10.09%, 5.64% and 10.87% (P> 0.05), respectively. The apparent digestibility of DM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, crude ash, calcium and phosphorus in 20% reed addition group was relatively high. Each feed unit cost and total cost would be increase when the reed content of diet increase, the reed addition groups had a better weight gains economic efficiency than control group, and the 10% reed addition group was the best. The results suggested that the DM intake, daily gain and apparent digestibility of DM, CP and EE were better when the diet adding 20% reed. Considering that feed total cost, there were a better economic benefit when the diet adding 10% reed.     

边际土地草本能源植物应用潜力评价

为促进中国边际土地草本能源植物种植与生物质原料生产,基于京郊边际土地草本能源植物规模化种植的实践,从生产潜力、生物质品质、生物质利用潜力、生态效应等4个方面对荻的应用潜力进行了分析评价.结果表明:荻在京郊挖沙废弃地上的生产潜力为2.31 t/hm2,达到京郊耕地条件下的8.41％,生物质品质优良,其标准煤折算当量、沼气产量、纤维素乙醇产量分别为1.42 t/hm2、289.99 m3/hm2、0.59 t/hm2,分别达到京郊耕地条件下的8.38％、8.37％、8.15％,生态效应明显.荻在边际土地上具备良好的应用潜力.     

鸭粪与芦苇皮 水草高温好氧堆肥试验研究

以鸭粪为主要材料,添加芦苇皮、水草等不同调理剂进行高温堆肥试验,研究了不同配比条件下堆肥体系的温度、pH、C／N、种子发芽指数（GI）的动态变化及其对废弃物堆肥品质的影响。结果表明,鸭粪与芦苇皮混合堆肥效果最好,堆体升温快,4d达到50℃,高温维持时间为15d,最高温度达70℃,堆肥30d后,油菜种子发芽指数高达90．48％;鸭粪与水草混合堆肥效果较差,高温维持阶段仅8d,最高温度为57℃;纯鸭粪单独堆肥效果最差,16d达到50℃,高温维持时间为6d,最高温度仅为53℃,到堆肥结束44d,油菜种子发芽指数刚达到80．67％。4种混合配料堆肥产品全氮、全磷、全钾含量都有所增加,其中鸭粪与芦苇皮配比增加率最大,分别为15．90％、11．53％和29．94％。综合以上结果,说明添加秸秆类有机质含量较高的调理剂可加快堆肥的腐熟进程,同时减少营养元素的流失,利于养分的保存,保证了堆肥产品的品质。     

Comparison of Soil Organic‐Matter Characteristics under the Energy Crop Giant Reed,Cropping Sequence and Natural Grass

The objective of this study was to determine, on the same pedological, topographic, and climatic conditions, the effects of a continuous giant reed cropping (GR), a cropping sequence (CS), and untilled natural grass (NG) on some soil characteristics. Selected characteristics included total soil organic carbon (TOC), light fraction carbon (LFC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The various humic fractions and their ratios, humification ratio (HR), humification degree (HD), and humification index (HI) were also evaluated. Results indicate that GR, characterized by low tillage intensity, showed greater values than tilled management system (CS) for all the previously mentioned properties, with the exception of the humification parameters, which were not statistically different between the two systems. Regarding the difference between GR and NG (the latter usually considered as a reference or baseline for evaluating attributes of soil quality), GR generally showed greater values for all organic parameters, with the exception of MBC and humus characteristics.     

Biogas digestates based on lignin-rich feedstock – potential as fertilizer and soil amendment

With advances in biogas technology, lignocellulosic material may be increasingly included in feedstock due to the abundance of raw materials. The main goal of this study was to evaluate fertilizing and soil amendment effects of digestates based on lignin-rich feedstock. The digestates originated from reactors fed with manure co-digested with Salix, wheat straw or sugarcane bagasse, respectively. In pot experiments with three different soils, Italian ryegrass and reed canary grass were grown with 120 kg ha^?1 total nitrogen or 150 kg ha^?1 available nitrogen, respectively, given as either mineral fertilizer or digestate. Soil chemical and physical characteristics were determined after ended experiments. Additionally, an incubation study was carried out to estimate N mineralization from one digestate over time. Digestate addition resulted in similar yields compared to mineral fertilizer, varying from 0.5 (loam) to 1 kg dry matter m^?2 (silt) for Italian ryegrass and 1.2 (loam) to 2.3 kg m^?2 (silt) for reed canary grass. Digestates contributed to a favourable pH for plant growth, reduced bulk density in the loam and improved water retention characteristics in the sand. Biogas digestates based on lignin-rich feedstock appear promising as fertilizers and for soil amelioration but results have to be verified in field experiments.     

运用响应面法优化芦苇基生物炭活化工艺

为优化芦苇基生物炭制备工艺,在单因素试验考察热解温度、氨水质量分数和浸渍比(生物质原料与氨水质量之比)等3种参数对芦苇基生物炭吸附性能影响的基础上,利用Box-Benhnken中心组合设计实验,运用响应面法对其活化工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,3个因素均对生物质炭的比表面积产生影响,其影响显著性大小为热解温度氨水质量分数浸渍比。通过模型优化确定了最佳活化工艺参数为热解温度620℃、氨水质量分数8%、浸渍比1∶5;该工艺条件下制备的生物炭比表面积和碘吸附值分别为334.49 m~2/g、585.52 mg/g,均优于未进行优化改性的样品。该值与理论值(335.2 m~2/g、582.288 mg/g)基本相符,表明响应面模型与实际情况拟合良好,验证了模型的有效可行性。     

外源褪黑素对盐胁迫下芦苇幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为了揭示外援褪黑素提高芦苇抗盐胁迫能力的生理机制,以芦苇幼苗为试验材料,探究叶片喷施外源褪黑素(0.01 mmol/L)对盐胁迫下(150 mmol/L NaCl)芦苇幼苗干物质积累、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性、渗透物质含量以及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫抑制了芦苇幼苗的生长和干物质积累,对幼苗造成严重的生理伤害。喷施外源褪黑素通过增加芦苇幼苗叶片叶绿素含量和提高光合性能,提高超氧化物岐化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)的活性,增加脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白等渗透调节物质含量,降低活性氧和MDA含量,缓解盐胁迫对芦苇幼苗的生长抑制。因此,叶面喷施褪黑素通过提高盐胁迫下芦苇幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质积累量,有效清除过量的活性氧,缓解氧化损伤,来增强幼苗的抗盐胁迫能力。     

短期模拟增温对杭州湾滨海湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸速率的影响

采用原位OTCs模拟增温和LICOR-6400-09土壤呼吸室法,研究了杭州湾滨海湿地芦苇群落土壤呼吸及土壤酶活性对温度升高的响应.结果表明,通过短期的模拟增温,土壤呼吸速率与对照相比提高了17.36%;增温和对照的土壤呼吸速率日变化幅度分别为:3.23±0.29和2.75±0.68μmol/(m2.s);日动态变化呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在14:00左右,最低值在早上6:00;增温和对照下的土壤呼吸速率与10cm土壤温度呈极显著的指数相关性(p<0.01);与空气温度呈显著性指数相关性(p<0.05);增温和对照处理下Q10值分别为:3.42和2.74;在0～10cm土层,β-葡萄糖苷酶、蔗糖酶活性比对照有显著的提高(p>0.05),脲酶酶活性也有一定的提高(0.76%),碱性磷酸酶活性比对照略有降低(2.54%).