Mutant induction through adventitious buds of Kohleria

Summary Freshly cut leaves of Kohleria eriantha and K. x Longwood were exposed to a wide range of gamma irradiation doses and allowed to root and form adventitious buds. K. Eriantha could not be successfully propagated from leaf half cuttings. Longwood produced a small number of adventitious plantlets as compared to other Gesneriads. Colchicine treatments reduced leaf half survival in Longwood by more than 50%. Leaf halves exposed to low and moderate doses of gamma irradiation showed increased overall plantlet production compared to nonirradiated leaf halves.Of the mutation parameters calculated, the number of mutants per 100 surviving leaf halves appears to be the most useful since it relates the number of mutants within a dose to the number of surviving leaf halves, the number of mutants to the number of plants produced, and the number of mutants within doses to control values.Using the criteria, number of mutants per 100 surviving leaf halves, optimum production of all mutants, of useful and of dwarf mutants was obtained at 2.5 kR for noncolchicine treated leaf halves and 1.5 to 3.0 kR for colchicine treated leaf halves.Of the adventitious plantlets produced, 13.8% were classified as mutant types. Mutant plants were found in radiation dose levels up to 5.5 kR. The array of mutants produced was skewed toward plant habit and flower characteristic mutants with several leaf characteristic, lethal, and polyploid mutants observed. A high frequency of mutants, 10 of 93 plants, occurred in the nonirradiated controls. Four sectorial chimeras were identified from both control and irradiation exposed groups. Several potentially useful flower color and dwarf mutants have been selected for further study. Adventitious buds may have developed from callus at petiole and leaf-vein bases. Colchicine treatments severely inhibited adventitious plantlet production and because of this could not be used as a criterion to identify the origin of adventitious buds. Conclusive determination of the organogenesis of adventitious buds from Longwood leaf halves could not be made. Mutant plantlets formed from adventitious buds on detached leaf halves of Longwood appear to arise from single cells as has been found with other Gesneriads.Scientific Journal Series Article No. 10 330 of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.     

A gene producing one to nine flowers per flowering node in chickpea

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has a racemose type of inflorescence and at each axis of the raceme usually one or two and rarely three flowers are borne. Plants producing 3 to 9 flowers, arranged in acymose inflorescence, at many axis of the raceme, were identified in F₂ of an interspecific cross ICC 5783 (C. arietinum) × ICCW 9 (C. reticulatum)in which both the parents involved were single-flowered. A spontaneous mutation in one of the two parents or in the F₁was suspected. However, the possibility for establishment of a rare recombination of two interacting recessive genes could not be ruled out. The number of pods set varied from 0 to 5 in each cyme. Inheritance studies indicated that a single recessive gene, designated cym, is responsible for cymose inflorescence. The allelic relationship of cym with sfl, a gene for double-flowered trait, was studied from a cross involving multi flowered plants and the double-flowered line ICC 4929. Thecym gene was not allelic to sfl, suggesting that two loci control the number of flowers per peduncle in chickpea. The cym locus segregated independently of the locus sfl, ifc (inhibitor of flower color) and blv (bronze leave). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Induction and inheritance of determinate growth habit in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Summary The character of determinate plant growth has not been reported for chickpea and has not been observed in the world germplasm collection at ICRISAT, Patancheru, India. A determinate growth habit would be desirable where growing conditions often lead to excessive vegetative growth. We attempted to generate this trait by mutation breeding. Seeds of the cultivar ICCV 6 were exposed to varying irradiation treatments, M₁ and M₂ populations were raised, and in the latter one plant was detected that showed the determinate growth habit and female sterility. The character of determinate growth segregated in a postulated digenic epistatic 3:13 fashion in the F₂ and confirmed its digenic mode of inheritance in the F₃ and F₄. The symbol cd is proposed for the allele conditioning for determinancy and Dt for the allele expressing the determinate trait. Continued mutation breeding with this and other material may result in identifying fully fertile, determinate plant types.Abbreviations DT - determinate - IDT - indeterminate ICRISAT Journal Article No. 1396.     

Current status and future strategy in breeding grasspea (Lathyrus sativus)

Efforts in grasspea (Lathyrus sativus) improvement have increased since the development of lines that are very low in the neurotoxin Beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha-beta-diamino propionic acid (ODAP); also referred to as Beta-N oxalyl-amino-L-alanine (BOAA). Many programs now address several related aspects of improvement simultaneously. These include reduced ODAP concentrations, insect and disease resistance, nitrogen fixation, agronomic practices, fodder and forage production, and components for increased yielding ability. The coordinated, multidisciplinary approach now being applied to the genetic improvement of grasspea should allow the potential of this largely neglected grain legume to be fully realized.     

Mutation Techniques for Gene Discovery and Crop Improvement

One of the most important breakthroughs in the history of genetics ）was the discovery that mutations can be artificially induced in organisms （van Harten, 1998）. Artificially induced mutations, by physical and chemical mutagens, have greatly advanced the understanding of genetics of higher organisms. Starting in the late 1960＇s, the International Atomic Energy Agency （IAEA） and the Food and Agriculture Organization （FAO） of the United Nations sponsored extensive research on mutation induction and their application to breeding of food and indnstrial crops that resulted in the introduction of new varieties of rice, wheat, barley, apples, citrus, sugar cane, banana, and others （more than 2 500 officially released new varieties are to be found in the FAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties Database） （hitp：//www-mvd.iaea.org/MVD/default.htm）. However, the usefulness of mutation techniques has been underappreciated in research communities, particularly during the last decade, when more and more researchers and breeders were rushing into molecular marker techniques and transgenic plants. In this paper, after a brief review of the past accomplishments of mutation induction and its application, we discuss the uniqueness of induced mutations in gene discovery and how to integrate induced mutants into functional genomics programs;     

Mutation breeding of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. using in vivo and in vitro adventitious bud techniques

Summary During experiments, which are being carried out to study the factors which control the process of adventitious bud formation in vivo on detached leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram, adventitious shoots were produced from leaves, irradiated with 500 rad of X-rays. The most important but disadvantageous result was that the majority of the adventitious shoots proved to be of a chimeral nature and obviously developed from more than one cell.An in vitro adventitious bud technique was developed using different types of explants. Pedicel segments regenerated the highest number of adventitious shoots and, moreover, they developed faster as compared to explants of young flower heads or leaves. The mutants produced by irradiating the various explants were almost exclusively of a solid (non-chimeral) nature. In addition, histological observations suggest that single epidermal cells are involved in the initiation of the adventitious shoot apices.The optimum dose for mutant production is approximately 800 rad X-rays. Rather often, more than one phenotypically identical mutant was found, which was always derived from the same explant. They could for instance originate from a multi-apical meristem formed by a single mutated cell.     

籼稻巨胚不育系龙特浦geA的选育

通过辐射诱变获得籼稻保持系龙特浦B巨胚隐性单基因突变体 (龙特浦geB) ,为龙特浦B的巨胚同型系 ,主要农艺性状无明显差异 ,但绝对胚重和相对胚重分别由原龙特浦B的 0 63mg和 2 78%提高到 1 1 5mg和 6 0 7% ,从而糙米粗脂肪含量由 2 50 %提高到 5 0 6% ,蛋白质由 9 0 0 %提高到 9 60 % ,各种氨基酸含量的相对值也相应提高 5 45%～ 3 0 3 6% ;用龙特浦geB回交龙特浦A育成巨胚不育系龙特浦geA ,其与龙特浦A的主要农艺性状、雄性育性特征及构成产量配合力无明显差异。     

太空搭载结合离子注入进行白莲诱变育种的研究

3年的试验观察表明 ,离子注入经太空诱变的白莲种子育出的花型由单瓣变为半重瓣、重瓣花 ;花色由红色变成粉红、爪红色 ;莲蓬、莲籽变异出多种形状 ;始蕾期比对照提前 5～2 1d ,末蕾期延迟到 9月下旬 ;单缸现蕾数高达 1 4朵 ,1m2 小区现蕾 2 1朵 ;单株平均每蓬实粒数最多的为 2 1 6粒 ,铁莲子最大粒重达 2 0 2g ,鲜壳莲子最大粒重达 5 0g ,上述性状变异是常规育种方法少见的     

零磁空间诱发优质籼稻雄性不育系的选育

水稻新型不育系玉-08A是经零磁场空间处理后,经多年人工及试管离体授粉回交转育选育而成。生产试验结果表明,该不育系不育性稳定,不实率达100%,比珍汕97A产量增产58.1%;制种产量增产62.6%。杂交组合玉优一号比对照汕优63增产5%~8%,杂交稻米质经农业部稻米及制品质量监督检验测试中心检验的12项指标中,蛋白质、垩白度、透明度等9项指标达优质米一级标准,综合评价为优质二级米标准。     

低植酸作物的研究进展及展望

对植酸的含量与贮存形式及其生理功能、低植酸作物的营养功能、低植酸突变体作物的培育与研究、低植酸突变的分子遗传学特性及其可能机理进行了综述 ,并对今后的工作提出了展望。