三连栋日光温室温度场分布及应用

针对冀中南地区冬季雾霾天气严重,日光温室不能充分发挥其应有的保温功能,设计建造了三连栋日光温室,为进一步验证其性能,应用MATLAB软件对三连栋日光温室进行二维温度场的拟合和图像绘制。结果表明：00:23三连栋日光温室的温度为8日>9日>10日;06:23为温室一天的最低温度,10日的06:23为3天最低温度;12:23为多云~阴的8日温室的最高温度,14:23为阴~晴的9日温室的最高温度,12:23—14:23为晴天的10日温室的最高温度,3天温室最高温均能达到30℃,16:23温度下降较快。多云~阴的8日、阴~晴的9日09:23—10:23依次从温室的北、中、南栋的上中部开始升温,16:23先从温室下部开始降温;晴天的10日09:23—10:23依次从温室的南、中、北栋开始升温,16:23依次从温室的北、中、南栋开始降温。在温室温度最低时或最高时,北栋北后侧中下部区域为温度的最高点或最低点。8—10日09:23与18:23(15~20℃)、08:23与20:23(10~15℃)温室温度各栋之间及各区域基本相同。同一天内温室地温中栋最高,地温白天北栋最低、夜间南栋最低;10日夜间南栋地温最低,最低地温13℃,白天中栋地温最高,最高地温22℃。光照强度9日<8日<10日。三连栋日光温室在2月中旬喜温果菜类即可定植,较单膜塑料大棚提早定植25~30天,同时又规避了冬季低温阴雪雾霾天气出现频次高的时段,三连栋日光温室优势明显。     

In vitro ruminal fermentation parameters and methane production of Marandu palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha) in a silvopastoral system associated with levels of protein supplementation

The addition of protein supplementation in a silvopastoral system can contribute to improved forage intake and digestibility. Our objective was to evaluate in vitro ruminal parameters, digestibility and gas production of Marandu palisadegrass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster] in a silvopastoral system and compare this to parameters obtained from diets with protein supplementation. Forage was sampled during the growing season (November to April) in 2016/17 and 2017/18. In vitro incubation treatments consisted of four levels of protein supplement (20% of crude protein; CP) in the diet (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg of body weight). The neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and indigestible neutral detergent fibre concentrations were highest in the first year. In the second year, CP concentration was 21% greater than in the first year. There was a linear increase for digestion rate, a quadratic effect for lag time and a linear decrease for average digestion time as supplementation levels were increased. The least lag time and digestion time occurred in the second year. There was no supplementation effect on ruminal pH, acetate and butyrate concentrations. Second-year in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was greater than in the first year. Increases in supplementation levels linearly enhanced IVDMD and reduced methane (CH₄) production. The inclusion of a protein supplement contributed to reduced CH₄ and increased volatile fatty acids production; therefore, we recommended the supplement inclusion of >0.28 g/kg of BW for animals grazing in well-managed palisadegrass pastures.     

基于模糊神经网络的智能温室环境控制方案

针对农业温室环境的精确建模和控制问题,提出了一种基于模糊神经网络的智能控制方案。首先,在考虑室内外环境因素下,构建一个有效的温室环境数学模型,获得通风量、喷雾量和加热量的微分表达式;然后,利用一种自适应模糊神经推理系统(ANFIS),以温度和湿度差作为输入,通过神经网络自学习和模糊推理获得控制输出;最后,通过遗传算法优化控制器的输出比例因子,提高控制响应速度和稳定性。实验结果表明:该方案能够快速且稳定地追踪环境设置值,具有很好的控制效果。     

日光温室基质袋培番茄灌溉监控系统设计

为了解决日光温室基质袋培番茄精准灌溉的问题,设计了日光温室基质袋培番茄灌溉监控系统。系统利用数据采集器获取日光温室相关的环境因子,结合番茄生长和水分吸收模型计算灌溉量,并通过灌溉控制器控制电磁阀开闭时间的长短进行灌溉。实验结果表明系统稳定可靠,与传统的人工灌溉模式相比,使番茄增产17.9%,节水35.4%,因此适合用于日光温室基质袋培番茄的精准灌溉。     

东北地区日光温室非洲菊高效栽培探析

结合非洲菊的生长特性,从繁殖、定植、苗期管理、花期管理、生育期中温、光、水肥、病虫害及采后管理等方面介绍了非洲菊的高效栽培技术,为非洲菊在东北地区的大面积种植,提高东北地区非洲菊鲜切花产量提供了理论依据。     

温室滴灌条件下水分亏缺对番茄生长及生理特性的影响

为确定温室滴灌条件下番茄高产高效的适宜土壤水分控制指标,采用小区试验方法,在温室滴灌条件下研究了不同时期水分亏缺对番茄生长发育及生理特性的影响。研究结果表明,任何生育阶段发生水分亏缺均会降低番茄叶片光合速率及气孔的开度,进而影响干物质的累积和运转,但不同时期水分亏缺的影响形式及程度有所不同;苗期水分亏缺会抑制番茄的正常生长发育,但水分过高会使植株徒长,不利于光合产物向产量的运移;开花坐果期水分亏缺不仅抑制了番茄的生长发育,而且降低了干物质的累积,并最终影响到产量的形成;成熟采摘期水分亏缺会加速番茄植株的老化,降低最终干物质量,对番茄产量的形成影响最为明显。在不影响番茄植株正常生长发育及生理需水情况下,适度水分亏缺(T1处理)可实现高产与高效用水的统一。     

Greenhouse gas mitigation potential of agricultural land in Great Britain

The aim of this paper is to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential of croplands and grasslands in Great Britain under different management practices. We consider the feasible land management options for grass and cropland using county level land‐use data with estimates of per‐area mitigation potential for individual and total GHGs, to identify the land management options with the greatest cost‐effective mitigation potential. We show that for grasslands, uncertainties still remain on the mitigation potential because of their climatic sensitivity and also their less intensive management. For croplands in Great Britain, the technical mean GHG mitigation potentials for all cropland management practices range from 17 Mt CO₂‐eq. per 20 yr to 39 Mt CO₂‐eq. per 20 yr. There are significant regional variation in all cases, with the greatest potentials in England, negligible potential in Wales and intermediate potential in Scotland, with country differences largely driven by the areas of cropland and grassland in each country. Practices such as agronomic improvement and nutrient management are the most promising options because of their impact on N₂O emissions and also their larger potential at low cost. In terms of annual emissions from agriculture, calculated mitigation potentials are small, where the technical mitigation potential of agronomy and nutrient management strategies are ca. 4.5 and 3.8%, respectively (agricultural emissions account for ca. 9% or 47.7 Mt CO₂‐eq., of total Great Britain GHG emissions, Department of Energy and Climate Change, UK). However when compared with the land use, land‐use change and forestry sector (LULUCF) emissions, nutrient management would reduce further emission reductions by approximately half of the 2005 LULUCF sink (i.e. ?1.6 Mt CO₂‐eq. per year).     

宿迁市宿城地区半地下土墙日光温室的生产现状 问题与对策

对宿迁市宿城区半地下土墙日光温室基地的生产现状进行了详细了解,并分析了其发展优势和存在的隐患,进一步提出了相应的发展对策。     

不同树形对设施促早葡萄生长、品质及效益的影响

本试验以2年生鄞红葡萄为试材,研究不同树形对鄞红葡萄树体生长发育、果实品质、用工及种植效益的影响。结果表明：T形和H形可以显著提高枝蔓径髓比和木质化程度,径髓比分别对照较提高22.4%、14.2%,木质化程度提高10个百分点以上。萌芽率T形最高,达88.2%,其次为H形,较对照分别提高了14.0和6.7个百分点,差异显著。H形和T形果穗整齐度分别达到90.8%和82.1%,均显著高于对照;果实着色度和可溶性固性物含量,H形和T形较对照均有显著提高,着色度提高6.87-9.43个百分点,可溶性固性物含量提高15%以上,果实品质明显提高。T形和H形可以不同程度地减轻病害发生、减少裂果,效果以T形最佳,炭疽病、白粉病发病率和裂果率均为0。与对照相比,两种树形的冬剪、绑蔓等用工显著降低,枝蔓管理用工量减少了23.57%,T形和H形的亩效益分别提高20.0%和7.8%。综合来看,T形和H形的枝条更充实,萌芽率更高,果实品质更好,省工节本,效益提高,效果以T形最佳。     

泌乳牛不同胎次干奶期瘤胃发酵指标与甲烷产量的特征

旨在采用GreenFeed测定系统评价胎次对干奶牛瘤胃发酵特征和甲烷(CH₄)排放量的影响,进而获得在舍饲生理状态下的CH₄排放规律,建立预测模型。试验共选取48头处于干奶期的荷斯坦奶牛,根据胎次分为4个组,每组12头奶牛,分别为一胎组、二胎组、三胎组、四胎及以上胎次组,试验期45 d,其中预试期5 d,正试期40 d。结果表明：1)三胎、四胎及以上组活体重和代谢体重显著高于一胎、二胎组(P<0.05)。2)三胎组的氨态氮(NH₃-N)浓度显著高于一胎组(P<0.05),与二胎、四胎及以上组无显著差异(P>0.05);一胎、二胎组的微生物蛋白(MCP)显著高于四胎及以上组(P<0.05),与三胎组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);一胎组瘤胃中戊酸显著低于三胎组(P<0.05),与二胎和四胎及以上组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);各个处理组之间的总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)、pH、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸、异戊酸、乙丙比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。3)干奶牛的平均CH₄排放量为336 g·d^-1,三胎、四胎及以上组干奶牛的CH₄排放量显著高于一胎组牛(P<0.05),与二胎组牛无显著差异(P>0.05)。4) CH₄排放量与干奶牛胎次和体重呈极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.47和0.61,基于体重建立预测模型：CH₄排放量(g·d^-1)=0.348×体重(kg)+64.018(R²=0.46)。综上可知,根据体重可以预测干奶期荷斯坦奶牛的CH₄排放量。该模型还可用于验证其他生理阶段奶牛的CH₄排放量。