Regional socio-economic importance of fisheries in Finland

The total value of Finnish fisheries production in 1997 was almost FIM 2 billion. The bulk of this sum was from processing and wholesaling, but in terms of value added, somewhat more than half was contributed by the primary sector, i.e. fishing and fish farming. In economic terms, fisheries accounted for 0.1% of gross domestic product (GDP) in 1997 and the relative job creation capacity was 0.15%. This paper examines the structure of Finnish fisheries in terms of production value and employment. It also considers the level of dependency on fisheries and of value added along the production chain. The focus is on concentration of the industry and on input to the economy at the regional level. The concentration of fisheries and regional dependence on fisheries are assessed in absolute and relative terms. Examining employment and value added in these two ways enables the regional nature of fisheries to be shown in greater detail. The input of fisheries to the regional economy is examined by the share of value added and by location quotients. The location quotient compares an area's share of a particular activity with that area's share of some basic or aggregated phenomenon. The location quotient showed that fisheries have importance not only in the coastal area but also inland.     

农林经济管理专业会计学课程的教学模式创新研究

分析了非会计专业和会计专业的教学差异,在此基础上提出了提高农林经济管理专业的会计学课程教学效果的几点建议。旨在通过改进和调整课程教学方法和策略,培养符合专业要求的专门人才,构建符合特点的教学模式。     

农业经济与政策领域作者分布及合作研究

选取SCI/SSCI收录的国际"农业经济与政策"领域中的10个英文期刊作为研究基础数据,对作者发表论文及合作进行研究。发现作者发文量分布出现明显的"长尾现象",服从幂律分布规律,即少量作者和机构对学科领域的发展做出了大量的贡献,而大量的作者和机构只做出了少量贡献。农业经济与政策领域合作网络中包含大量不相连接的小型网络,处于科研合作网络发展的初级阶段。     

The use and non‐use of economics and mathematics in forest economics. The Swedish experience 1876–1976

The paper surveys Swedes’ contributions to forest economics during a period of hundred years starting in 1876, when Carl‐Gustaf Holmerz's book “Studies in Forest Surveying”; was first published. This contains the correct solution to the problem of when to cut down an evenly aged forest stand, but the so‐called Swedish “profitability war”; could not be avoided. Gustaf Cassel's, Gunnar Myrdal's, Bertil Ohlin's, Sven Petrini's, and Thorsten Streyffert's contributions are discussed, as well as an until recently unpublished contribution by Knut Wickseil. The paper also shows how slowly the methods of positive economics were introduced in forest economics in comparison with the normative OR‐methods, and that econometric techniques have also been sparsely applied. A few outstanding exceptions are pointed out, e.g., the Ruist‐Svennilson estimates of timber supply functions published in 1949.     

Research on Accounting Recognition and Measurement of Forest Ecological Assets

Current accounting standards and systems do not include the accounting of forest ecological assets.With the increasing attention that people pay to forest ecological issues and the needs for accounting information disclosure,its value accounting has become a forefront issue and hot topic in the accounting profession.The profound issues about its particularities,accounting recognition and measurements are to be solved. Based on the analysis of the features of forest ecological assets and its impacts on accounting recognition and measurement,this paper proposes that accounting recognition should be based on the appraisal and a fair value model is suggested for initial and further measurement of forest ecological assets.For the fair value measurement, the appraisal techniques of non-market values should be given more consideration.And its value appraisal methods should refer to the existing mature ecological economic or environmental economic appraisal methods.     

农特产品品牌形象建构初探

农特产品是一种特殊的产品，体现在名气较大，与传统文化关系密切，涉及范围广泛，与农民生活息息相关等方面。从品牌形象的角度着手，提出对农特产品进行品牌形象建构。针对农特产品中普遍存在的品牌老化、品牌形象设计水平较低、不重视品牌经营等问题提出对品牌形象建设要有长期规划，深入挖掘农特产品的传统文化因素进行整体形象设计，在推广与宣传方面采用企业＋基地＋农户的模式，群策群力，搞好农特产品品牌形象的经营工作，为农特产品产业化及市场开拓做出贡献。参10     

长三角地区耕地非农化研究

长三角地区越来越多的耕地被建设所占用,耕地保护面临着巨大的压力。为有效保护有限的耕地资源,探讨耕地非农化的动力机制就显得尤为必要。而当今的研究主要集中在对土地利用方式变化的驱动力分析上。因此,利用经济学的制度分析方法和均衡分析方法,初步探讨了耕地非农化的内在机制,并根据其转换的内在机制提出了4点建议。     

Changes in productivity and profitability of wool-growing farms that follow recommendations from agricultural and veterinary studies

Objective To estimate the changes in productivity and profitability in a group of wool-growing farms as they adopted major recommendations from agricultural and veterinary studies.
Farms Four wool-growing farms in south western Victoria were selected from the clients of the Mackinnon Project, a farm consultancy service run from the University of Melbourne. Each farm had closely followed recommended procedures, kept comprehensive financial and physical records and had been clients for at least 5 years. The comparison group was the South Western Victoria Monitor Farm Project (SWVMFP), about 45 farms in the same region as the study farms that were monitored annually by Agriculture Victoria.
Procedure For a 7-year period, the financial and physical performance of both groups of farms was estimated. Stocking rate, wool production, gross farm income, farm operating costs, net farm income and return on assets were compared.
Results Mean gross farm income of the four study farms steadily rose from 86% of the average SWVMFP farm before the adoption of recommendations to an average of 155%. During the same period, net farm income rose from 70% to 207% of the average of the SWVMFP. Return on asset of the four farms rose irregularly from 26% to 145% of the average of the SWVMFP. Farm operating costs on the four farms were higher than for the SWVMFP group, but the ratio of costs remained relatively constant.
Conclusion The adoption of proven research results was associated with large increases in net farm income. An increase in gross income, rather than a reduction in costs was the main reason for this. Research results offer a way to increase the financial viability of wool-growing farmers, many of whom are currently unable to maintain their lifestyle, resources and infrastructure.     

Causes of Sandstorm Disaster and Strategies against Desertification——A Case Study of Hexi Corridor in Northwest China

This case study outlines the problems faced by the peoples of the Hexi Corridor. These problems are serious and urgent, and are representative of those faced by other communities right across western China. The root causes are outlined and some remedies are suggested. The practical measures proposed under China's National Action Plan to Combat Desertification are described and discussed.     

Commercialization decisions and the economics of introduction

Summary A commercial horticultural industry that establishes plant-breeding nurseries for an exotic species throughout a regional economy will expand until the marginal profit of the last nursery established is zero. However, a regional government concerned with social welfare will take into account not only the profits of the horticultural industry but also any expected costs of an accidental invasion. The latter costs will consist of the discounted expected social damages due to an increase in the rate of invasion over time and the increase in expected damage cost per hectare caused by an additional nursery. A government can employ an “introducers' pay” tax equal to the latter social costs to ensure that the plant breeding industry establishes the optimal number of nurseries. We illustrate this outcome with the example of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North America. In the absence of any tax, the horticultural industry will establish n = 3528 nursery operations, and the expected damages from invasion are US$ 28.2 million per year. With the tax, only n = 300 nurseries are established but the expected damages from invasion are reduced to US$ 1.3 million per year. Although profits for the horticultural industry are lower from the tax, the net gains in overall social welfare more than offset the losses. Although these results are illustrative only, they show that the problem of plant invasives initiated by commercial operations is amenable to standard economic analysis and solutions, such as implementation of an “introducers' pay tax”.