Low potassium diets with different levels of calcium in comparison with different anionic diets fed to prepartum dairy cows: Effects on sorting behaviour,total tract digestibility,energy metabolism,oxidative status and hormonal response

This study investigated the effects of low potassium diets with different levels of Ca compared to two diets low in dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) fed prepartum as a strategy to prevent hypocalcemia on sorting behaviour, total tract digestibility, oxidative status and energy and protein metabolism of transition cows. Forty-eight pregnant dairy cows were assigned to 4 treatment groups: Low Ca, low K (LCLK), High Ca, low K (HCLK), Supplementation with anionic mineral mixture (AMS) supplementation with SoyChlor (CAS). After parturition, all animals were fed a standard postpartum diet. Data were collected until 21 DIM. Prepartum urinary pH was significantly reduced by the low DCAD diets, while postpartum Ca homeostasis was affected by the HCLK ration. Feeding AMS induced sorting against particles <1.18 mm in favour of particles >19 mm prepartum. In contrast, cows fed CAS showed an increase in selective consumption of fine particles and sorted against longer particles similar to the HCLK and LCLK groups. Postpartum sorting activity was not affected by the dietary treatments. After calving, apparent digestibility of NDF was significantly reduced in the HCLK group. Prepartum, we observed effects on serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids were higher and insulin sensitivity was lower in the AMS group. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was decreased in cows fed the CAS ration. Postpartum, we found serum protein to be decreased with the low DCAD diets while BUN was decreased in the CAS group. The low DCAD rations increased prepartum serum malondialdehyde concentrations, while postpartum total antioxidant capacity was lower in the HCLK and the AMS group. From these data, we conclude that AMS decreased prepartum intake due to compromised palatability. Intermediate protein metabolism was affected by the low DCAD diets, while parameters of oxidative stress were probably affected by acid–base balance and Ca homeostasis.     

Carrier rate of the c.235G>C mutation in the bovine isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IARS) gene of Japanese Black cows at Kagoshima prefecture, Japan,and analysis of the metabolic profiling and reproductive performance of heterozygous cows

Bovine isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IARS) disorder, a major cause of weak calf syndrome, is caused by a homozygous missense (c.235G>C) mutation in the bovine IARS gene of Japanese Black (JB) cattle, which was identified in 2013. However, the extent to which the carrier rate has changed at Kagoshima prefecture, Japan, and whether the carrier status is associated with any clinical or reproductive problems, have yet to be ascertained. In this study, using a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping assay, we determined the carrier rate in a regional JB cow population at Kagoshima prefecture. Comparative analyses were performed on the metabolic profile test (MPT) results and reproductive performance data obtained for heterozygous carrier and homozygous wild-type cows. In 2009 and 2018, DNA samples were collected from 130 and 462 clinically healthy JB cows, respectively, in Kagoshima prefecture. MPT results and reproductive performance data were evaluated for 62 cows, comprising four heterozygous carriers and 58 wild-type cows. Genotyping revealed that the carrier rate was 6.9% in 2009 and 1.5% in 2018, the difference of which was statistically significant (P<0.005). There were no statistically significant differences between the carrier and wild-type cows with respect to either MPT results or reproductive performance, indicating that the carrier cows have necessary IARS activity to maintain minimal health and reproductive potential.     

柑橘渣对奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化率及乳成分的影响

试验评估不同水平柑橘渣对奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化及乳成分的影响。将32头泌乳性能一致的奶牛随机分为4个组,每组4个重复,每个重复2头。对照组饲喂粗脂肪水平为3%的日粮,处理组分别饲喂粗脂肪水平为5.5%的日粮同时添加0(T1)、5%(T2)和10%(T3)柑橘渣。结果显示,与对照组相比,处理组奶牛的粗脂肪摄入量、干物质和粗脂肪表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),T2和T3组奶牛粗蛋白表观消化率显著高于对照组和T1组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,处理组乳中粗脂肪含量显著降低(P<0.05),总固形物含量显著降低(P<0.05),乳中粗脂肪产量显著降低(P<0.05)。对照组乳中C10∶0脂肪酸含量最高,而T3组乳中C8∶0脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸浓度最高,饱和脂肪酸浓度表现最低。处理组乳中n-3/n-6脂肪酸显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在高脂肪(5.5%粗脂肪)日粮中添加5%或10%柑橘渣可以提高奶牛粗蛋白表观消化率,且对奶牛的泌乳量和乳品质无负面影响。     

高表达线粒体融合蛋白2(MFN2)可抑制高BHBA活化的奶牛肝细胞NF-κB炎性通路

为研究线粒体融合蛋白2(mitofusin 2,MFN2)对高β-羟丁酸(β-hydroxybutyrate,BHBA)活化NF-κB炎性通路的影响,体外培养奶牛肝细胞,添加不同浓度(0.0,1.2,2.4,4.8 mmol/L)的BHBA,并转染过表达MFN2的腺病毒,运用Western blot和qRT-PCR技术检测NF-κB炎性通路关键分子的基因和蛋白表达。结果显示,随着BHBA浓度的增加,IKBα和NF-κB p65的磷酸化水平以及IL-1β、IL-6和TNFα的mRNA表达均显著升高,MFN2的基因和蛋白表达水平则显著降低;过表达MFN2后,显著抑制了高BHBA诱导的IKBα和NF-κB p65磷酸化水平及IL-1β、IL-6、TNFαmRNA表达水平的升高。结果表明,在奶牛肝细胞中过表达MFN2可以显著抑制高BHBA活化的NF-κB炎性通路。     

四川凉山地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌分离鉴定及药敏情况分析

通过开展凉山地区奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌的分离鉴定和药敏情况试验,为指导凉山地区奶牛场临床合理使用抗生素以及提高抗生素的防治效果提供理论指导。通过采样、增菌培养、细菌鉴定、药敏试验、数据统计分析等方法,结果发现193 份患有乳房炎的乳样中有134 份分离出12 种病原菌,其中65 份检出两种及以上菌,占检出数的48.50%﹔共分离出234 株不重复菌株。分离率居前五位为：葡萄球菌63 株（26.9%）、大肠杆菌56 株（23.8%）、肺炎克雷伯菌42 株（17.9%）、肠球菌24 株（10.3%）、链球菌13 株（5.6%）。对本试验分离到的大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等12 种菌中的10 种细菌药敏试验结果显示,不论是革兰氏阳性菌还是革兰氏阴性菌对试验选取的17 种常见抗生素均表现不同程度的耐药,有部分菌株还表现严重的多重耐药,有些菌株对部分药物耐药率达100.00%。     

微生态制剂在奶牛养殖中的应用

随着畜禽养殖技术的不断提升,当代畜禽养殖业的发展方向逐渐由追求“数量”向追求“品质”发展。微生态制剂是利用正常微生物或促进微生物生长的物质制成的活的微生物制剂,具有改善动物饲料利用率,提高生长速度和机体免疫力,改善畜产品品质等作用。本文从微生态制剂的种类、作用机理以及在奶牛养殖中的应用效果和存在问题等方面进行阐述,为微生态制剂的发展提供思路。     

奶牛常见繁殖疾病诊断与治疗

中国乳制品消费水平位于全球前三,奶牛养殖业在国内具有很大的发展潜力。随着奶牛养殖业的发展和扩大,繁殖疾病成为影响奶牛场经济效益的因素之一。繁殖疾病的发生和很多因素有关,包括营养、卫生等方面,体内激素不平衡也会诱发繁殖疾病的发生。本文对引起奶牛繁殖疾病的主要发病原因、临床症状、病理变化、临床诊断及治疗方法进行归纳总结,以期为繁殖疾病的诊断治疗提供理论基础。     

1株奶牛源松鼠葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为确定奶牛垫料中是否含有病原菌并深入了解垫料中优势生长菌的类型、耐药性及致病性等情况,本试验进行了细菌分离培养、革兰染色镜检、生化试验鉴定、16S rDNA序列分析及同源性比对、药敏试验、小鼠致病性试验。结果显示,分离菌在普通营养琼脂平板上形成圆形、表面光滑的白色菌落,血琼脂平板上形成黏稠、较大的白色菌落。革兰染色镜检结果显示,分离菌为革兰阳性,球型,呈葡萄串状排列,或单个散落。生化试验结果显示,分离菌对木糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖、果糖、乳糖、硝酸盐还原等呈阳性反应,而蜜二糖、木糖醇、山梨醇、尿素、V-P反应等呈阴性反应。16S rDNA序列分析结果显示,扩增的16S rDNA序列长度为1 298 bp,与松鼠葡萄球菌的核苷酸同源性达99.85%~100%;系统进化树结果显示,分离菌与松鼠葡萄球菌处于同一分支。动物试验结果表明,分离菌株对试验小鼠有较强的致病性,以0.2 mL/只（7.9×10⁸ CFU/mL）菌液的剂量接种小鼠,在48 h内死亡率为60%（3/5）。药敏特性分析结果显示,分离菌株对复方新诺明、氨苄西林等7种药物敏感,对克林霉素、头孢噻肟和头孢呋辛中度敏感,对青霉素、红霉素和林可霉素耐药。本研究为奶牛源松鼠葡萄球菌的分离鉴定及防控提供了参考依据。     

Green tea polyphenols supplementation alters immunometabolism and oxidative stress in dairy cows with hyperketonemia

Peripartal cows often experience negative energy balance, and are therefore prone to suffering from metabolic diseases such as hyperketonemia, which causes financial losses in dairy farms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of green tea polyphenol (GTP) supplementation during the periparturient period on production performance, oxidative stress and immunometabolism in dairy cows with hyperketonemia. One hundred Holstein cows were assigned to GTP (0.2 g/kg DM; n = 50) or control (without GTP; n = 50) group based on body weight, previous milk yield, and parity on d 15 before expected parturition. Subsequently, 10 cows with hyperketonemia were selected from each group, according to blood β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration between 1.2 and 2.9 mmol/L from 2 to 3 d postpartum. All cows were fed a close-up diet and a lactation diet with or without GTP supply from 15 d prepartum until 30 d postpartum. Milk and blood samples were obtained from 20 cows selected with hyperketonemia on 10, 20, and 30 d postpartum. Compared with control cows, greater milk yield and lower somatic cell count were observed in GTP cows. The GTP group had lower concentrations of BHBA, free fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride, reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide, greater concentrations of glucose, lower activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and glutamyl transpeptidase, alongside greater activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity. Additionally, GTP supplementation up-regulated concentrations of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, but down-regulated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-2, interleukin-8, and interferon-γ in plasma. Greater concentrations of plasma immunoglobulin G were also detected in the GTP group. Overall, the data suggested that GTP supplementation from 15 d prepartum to 30 d postpartum improved the milk yield and health status in cows with hyperketonemia during early lactation.     

Effects of Supplemental Complex Water Soluble Vitamin on Production Performance,Blood Biochemical Parameters and Oxidation Resistance of Dairy Cows

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of supplemental complex water soluble vitamins on production performance, blood biochemical parameters and oxidative resistance of dairy cows in spring and summer.The experiment was designed by 2×2 factorial randomized blocks design.Eighty healthy dairy cows with similar parity and body weight were randomly divided to four groups, with 7 days of adaptation and 70 d experimental phase.The dairy cows in group Ⅲ and Ⅳ were fed a basal diet supplemented with complex water soluble vitamins in spring.The dairy cows in group Ⅱ and Ⅳ were fed a basal diet supplemented with complex water soluble vitamins in summer.The results showed that the ADFI and daily milk yield of dairy cows receiving water soluble vitamin in spring were extremely significantly higher (P<0.01);The ADFI of dairy cows receiving water soluble vitamin was significantly higher in summer (P<0.05) and daily milk yield were extremely significantly higher (P<0.01);The butterfat rate was extremely significantly increased and SCC was extremely significantly decreased in spring and summer (P<0.01);Supplementation of water soluble vitamin was also significantly increased LYM (P<0.05).In summer, T-AOC, T-SOD were extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and TP, CK, LDH, TP, HDL and ALB were extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01) by water soluble vitamin supplementation than that of control group.In conclusion, complex water soluble vitamins could increase the production performance and non-specific immune function, improve the oxidative resistance and relieved the heat stress of the dairy cows.