Neotyphodium endophytes trigger salt resistance in tall and meadow fescues

Infection with Neotyphodium spp. endophytes increases resistance to drought stress and soil mineral imbalances in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. = Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S. J. Darbysh.) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds. = Lolium pratense (Huds.) Darbysh.). We hypothesized that resistance of these grasses to salinity stress may also be attributed to endophyte infection. Two tall fescue genotypes, Fa75 and Fa83, and one meadow fescue genotype, Fp60, infected (E+) with their endophytic fungi, Neotyphodium coenophialum (Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin) and N. uncinatum (Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin), respectively, and their noninfected counterparts (E–) were cultured in nutrient solution at three salinity levels of 0, 85, and 170 mM NaCl. Except for genotype Fa75, E+ plants exhibited higher leaf survival rates than E– clones at a high salinity level (170 mM). Root dry matter was higher in E+ than in E– plants, but shoot dry matter was not affected by endophyte infection. This resulted in a lower shoot‐to‐root ratio in E+ plants (1.63) compared with E– plants (2.40). Sodium (Na⁺) and chloride (Cl^–) concentrations were greater in roots of E– than in E+ clones. In shoots, Na⁺ and Cl^– concentrations were not affected by the endophyte. In contrast, E+ plants accumulated more potassium (K⁺), which resulted in a greater K⁺ : Na⁺ ratio in shoots of E+ than in those of E– plants. Our results show that endophyte infection reduced Na⁺ and Cl^– concentrations in tall fescue and meadow fescue roots but increased K⁺ concentrations in the shoots. Based on these results, we conclude that endophyte‐infected grasses may thrive better in salinity‐stress environments.     

长期高温胁迫对高羊茅光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响

高温已成为影响植物正常生长的主要因素之一,尤其是我国南方的夏季高温已经成为制约许多植物生长和发育的主要环境因子,也给林草生态安全和植被景观带来极大隐患.高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea),是常见的冷季型草坪草中绿期最长、应用最广的草种之一(周嘉友等,1998;韩春梅等,2006),在气候冷凉地区能周年常绿,在长江中下游气候过渡区绿期也相对较长,但在高温季节常出现大面积枯黄现象.在长江以南地区,因长期处于夏季高温的影响,普遍存在难以越夏的问题.因此高温胁迫成为高羊茅在我国南方草坪发展的主要限制因子.     

高温胁迫对高羊茅光合作用的影响

为了解高温胁迫对高羊茅Festuca arundinacea光合作用的影响,以2个高羊茅品种为实验材料,研究高温处理对高羊茅气体交换、叶绿素荧光的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫后,2个高羊茅品种的净光合速率（Pn）均明显下降,其中气孔因素引起了猎狗5号的Pn下降,但并不是交战2号Pn下降的原因。高温胁迫降低了光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光化学量子效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率（F′v/F′m）、光化学猝灭（qP）和电子传递速率（RET）,且交战2号的下降幅度较大。但高温胁迫明显增加了高羊茅的非光化学猝灭（qNP）,交战2号的qNP则略低于猎狗5号。2个高羊茅品种均可有效地耗散过剩的激发能,尽可能保护化合机构免受高温胁迫的影响。     

盐胁迫下盐草和高羊茅营养器官的离子微区分布

 【目的】探讨植物耐盐性和盐胁迫下植物不同营养器官离子微区分布特性之间的关系。【方法】采用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪联用,对250 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫20 d的盐草(盐生植物)和高羊茅(甜土植物)的营养器官进行了点扫描和离子分布测定。【结果】盐胁迫下,盐草和高羊茅根组织中Na+和Cl-的相对重量都很高,但是高羊茅中柱层中的Na+和Cl-相对重量都高于盐草;和高羊茅相反,在盐草茎中,大量的Na+分布在韧皮部中,而Cl-则主要存在于木质部中;而高羊茅叶组织中Na+相对重量是盐草叶组织中2倍。【结论】盐胁迫下盐草和高羊茅根尖表皮、皮层和中柱细胞Na+和Cl-较高,而K＋含量较低,这说明盐草可通过根组织对离子的选择性吸收降低进入植物体的有害离子量,并通过离子在茎中的再次分配降低有害离子进入叶组织,从而避免对叶组织的较大离子毒害。     

水分胁迫及复水对虉草生理生化特性的影响

通过温室盆栽控水试验,研究了虉草在自然干旱与复水过程中生理生化指标的变化规律,旨在探讨虉草对于水分变化的响应特性及耐旱能力。结果显示,1)干旱胁迫期间,尽管土壤含水量下降迅速,但是叶片相对含水量在水分胁迫前8 d仍维持在正常水平,直到第12天时才显著下降。2)在持续干旱过程中,可溶性蛋白与丙二醛含量不断增加。3)叶绿素、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素含量及Chla/Chlb与Car/Chl的比值整体上均随干旱胁迫时间的延长而呈上升趋势。4)干旱胁迫后期,叶绿素荧光参数Fo、NPQ增加,Fm、Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo与qP均有所下降。5)复水后,各指标均能迅速得到不同程度恢复。研究结果初步表明,虉草具备较强的保护与损伤修复能力,使其能够适应较大程度的干旱逆境。     

丝茅入侵对高羊茅根系及土壤性状的影响

针对南方地区丝茅(Imperata koenigii (Retz.) P. Beauv.)入侵对冷季型草坪造成严重危害的实践生产问题,通过模拟高羊茅(Festuca arundiacea L.)草坪建植时丝茅入侵形成的混生群落,连续测定群落中根长密度、根干重密度和根体积密度等根系性状指标,土壤容重、土壤含水量及pH等土壤性状指标,分析丝茅入侵对高羊茅草坪根系及土壤性状影响的动态变化。结果表明:丝茅入侵对高羊茅草坪根长密度、根干重密度和根体积密度均有极显著影响(P<0.01);丝茅入侵60 d起影响根长密度,90 d起影响根干重密度,150 d起影响根体积密度;侵入持续时间对高羊茅根系指标影响排序为根体积密度>根干重密度>根长密度;丝茅对草坪分层土壤的含水量、容重和pH均有极显著影响(P<0.01);入侵60 d起首先影响高羊茅根系主要分布的10~20 cm层的土壤性状,影响逐渐向上、向下扩展;持续时间对土壤性状的影响排序为土壤含水量>容重>pH;丝茅入侵使高羊茅根系分生和更新能力下降,使其根系分布土壤层的含水量降低、透气性变差、酸度增高,从而降低高羊茅根系活性与吸收能力,使其竞争力降低而逐渐退化。本试验结果将为草坪中丝茅的防治提供基础数据。     

高温胁迫对高羊茅航天诱变新品系生理特性研究及综合评价

本研究以高羊茅航天诱变新品系和贵州主推的育成品种水城高羊茅和黔草1号高羊茅共11份材料为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,在42 ℃/32 ℃(12 h/12 h)人工气候室进行高温胁迫试验,每4 d测定可溶性蛋白、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)生理生化指标,并应用隶属函数法和灰色关联度法对其生理指标及11份高羊茅材料耐热性进行综合评价。结果表明,可溶性蛋白质随着高温胁迫时间的延长总体呈下降趋势,SOD、POD、CAT含量随着高温时间的延长总体呈上升趋势。4个生理指标在11份材料间均存在显著性差异。利用隶属函数法对11份高羊茅材料进行综合耐热适应性评价,得出耐热性顺序为:SP5-85>SP5-60>SP5-71>SP5-42>SP5-94>SP5-7>SP5-88>水城高羊茅>SP5-5>SP5-89=黔草1号高羊茅。利用灰色关联性分析法得出各耐热指标与耐热性的关联序为:SOD>CAT>POD>可溶性蛋白质。     

Influence of temperature on nutrient concentration and tetany potential of hardinggrass and tall fescue

Grass tetany (Hypomagnesemia) potential of TAM Wintergreen Hardinggrass and 16 tall fescue lines and varieties was estimated by determining the K, Ca and Mg concentrations in the herbage and the ratio of K/(Ca + Mg) (milliequivalent basis). Data were obtained at four dates during a two‐year period to determine the environmental conditions under which selections should be made to achieve the greatest progress in decreasing the tetany potential of tall fescue and to determine if either of the grasses have high tetany potential in the North Texas area. Hardinggrass had a greater potential to produce grass tetany than tall fescue when grown on the Northern Blackland Prairie of Texas. There were significant differences in K, Ca and Mg concentrations and K/(Ca + Mg) ratio among dates and tall fescue lines. The average temperature for the 30 days before harvest was related to the mineral content and to the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio in all varieties. The K(Ca + Mg) ratio was highest at approximately 18°C but the Mg content fell below the 0.18% required for lactating beef cows when the average temperature for the 30 days before harvest was 22.4°C. Progress could be made in breeding for low grass tetany proneness but selections should be made over a wide range of temperatures considering both the Mg content and ratio of K/(Ca + Mg).     

Growth and magnesium uptake of tall fescue clones with varying root diameters

Abstract

A cool season perennial grass with a root system capable of penetrating hardpans and which can accumulate adequate Mg to prevent deficiencies in forage is needed in the Coastal Plain region. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of magnesium (Mg) concentration in nutrient solution and root diameter on Mg uptake and growth of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Propagules of two fescue clones with large root diameter (LDR >1 mm), two clones with small root diameter (SDR <0.8 mm), and a single clone from ‘Kentucky 31’ (Ky‐31) were transferred into 12‐liter tanks containing Mg concentrations of 3, 21, 42, 125, 250, and 500 μM as MgSO₄ and grown for 39 or 70 days. Leaf Mg concentration was increased linearly with Mg solution concentration in LDR clones for a 39‐day growth period (Harvest 1), but increased according to a cubic equation in the SDR clones and the Ky‐31. Predicted leaf Mg concentration as a function of solution Mg followed a cubic equation for a 70‐day growth period (Harvest 2) in all clones. Predicted root Mg concentration was linearly related to Mg solution concentration for the LDR clones and the Ky‐31, but followed a cubic equation for the SDR clones for the first growth period. For the second growth period, the root Mg concentration of the SDR clones and the Ky‐31 was increased linearly, while the LDR clones followed a quadratic equation. Magnesium uptake followed a cubic equation with Mg solution concentration for both growth periods on all tall fescue clones. This nonlinear variation of Mg uptake and plant Mg concentration with respect to solution Mg concentration strongly suggests that a dual uptake mechanism might have been present in tall fescue clones. Root volume was greater in the SDR than LDR clones or Ky‐31 for both growth periods. The Ky‐31 had the greatest leaf and root dry weight for both growth periods, while the LDR clones had the lowest.     

虉草作为湿地适生植物可行性分析

研究了虉草的经济价值,虉草根际土壤氧化酶活性、金属累积量及氮、磷、钾含量,虉草氮磷含量、碳酸酐酶活性及光合速率,并将其与一些有代表性的湿地生长植物进行对比。结果表明,虉草可以适应湿地水陆过渡的还原性环境,其氮、磷处理能力及根际土壤重金属富集能力都高于芦苇。