水稻土施用不同氮、硫水平对油菜产量的影响

浙东平原水稻土油菜田间试验施用不同氮、硫水平的结果显示：（1）油菜籽产量随氮肥用量的增大而增加，施N（50－200kg/hm^)不施硫肥条件下，增产幅度为2．0％－11．8％，施N和施S（30kg/hm^2)条件下，增产幅度为2．4％－12．7％。（2）不同施氮水平下，施硫增产油菜籽5．4％－6．9％。（3）油菜氮吸收量随施氮量的增加而呈增加趋势，低氮水平下施用硫肥促进油菜氮吸收量加大。（4）不同施氮水平的产投比为1．5－4．3，施用硫肥的产投比达5．2－6．7，氮硫配施可提高施用氮肥的产投比。     

氮形态和硫水平对烤烟氮、硫、钾等营养的影响

红壤和潮土培育烤烟,100%铵态氮、100%硝态氮和50%铵氮+50%硝氮等3种氮形态和2种硫施用量的盆栽试验研究表明,增加硝态氮肥供给比例,有利于烤烟生长,烟株叶片干重、株高、干径增加。施硫增加,各叶位全硫含量均显著增加,下部叶片明显累积较多的硫。硝态氮处理红壤和潮土生长烟叶硫含量降低。烟叶氮含量也受供氮形态影响,硝态氮供给比例增加,烟叶全氮含量均较高。供硫增加,烟叶钾含量下降;100%铵氮处理烟叶钾累积较多,NH4+没有抑制K的吸收。     

The establishment of heathland vegetation on ex-arable land: the response of Calluna vulgaris to soil acidification

The UK Biodiversity Action Plan has identified the creation of lowland heathland as an important objective. Heathland restoration studies have identified soil pH, elevated soil nutrients and large weed seed banks as major problems in the restoration of heathland vegetation on ex-arable land. Heathland vegetation is usually found on nutrient-poor acidic soils. Creating acidic soil conditions on ex-arable sites thus may produce a suitable environment for the establishment of heath vegetation. Soil acidification by the addition of sulphur has been shown to reduce the soil pH and the availability of nutrients in arable soils. A series of experiments was established to investigate the effects of soil acidification using sulphur on the establishment of Calluna vulgaris and the development of weed vegetation. The application of sulphur at 0.24 kg m⁻² to an arable soil was found to increase the survival rate of C. vulgaris cuttings planted in it. The mechanism of increased C. vulgaris survival appeared to be by sulphur application significantly reducing the cover of arable weeds arising from the soil seed bank. Higher rates of sulphur application (0.36 and 0.48 kg m⁻²) resulted in the death of many C. vulgaris plants. However C. vulgaris seedlings were able to establish successfully on these ex-arable soils within 18-24 months following the addition of these levels of sulphur. The application of sulphur appears to offer a practical solution to heathland creation on ex-arable land. However, it may be necessary to provide an interval of between 18 and 24 months between the application of sulphur and the addition of C. vulgaris plants or seeds for the successful establishment of heathland vegetation.     

施硫、控水和施肥对蓝莓叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在我国蓝莓主产区大兴安岭利用正交设计方法研究了施硫、控水和施肥3个因素对蓝莓叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响,拟确定3个因素对蓝莓叶片PSⅡ反应中心功能的影响顺序及最佳水平。结果表明:3个因素互作对蓝莓叶片叶绿素荧光参数影响显著,且不同处理下各荧光参数均明显优于对照。极差分析和偏最小二乘回归结果均显示,3个因素对蓝莓叶片PSⅡ反应中心功能的影响顺序为控水施硫施肥。另外,偏最小二乘回归方程中的二次项系数结果揭示3个因素均存在一个最适宜范围,当超过这一范围时会起到相反的作用。综合极差分析结果中各因素最优水平可以确定:施用硫磺70~80 g/m~2,土壤相对含水率约45%~60%,硫酸钾复合肥5~7.5 g/株为最适宜我国大兴安岭地区蓝莓"美登"的农艺措施。     

Influence of sulphur fertilisation on quantities and proportions of gluten protein types in wheat flour

Although different supplies of sulphur (S) during wheat growth are known to influence the quantitative composition of gluten proteins in flour, an effect on the amount and on the proportions of single protein types has yet not been determined. Therefore, wholemeal flours of the spring wheat ‘Star’ grown on two different soils and at four different levels of S fertilisation (0, 40, 80, 160 mg S per container) were analysed in detail using an extraction/HPLC procedure. The results demonstrated that the amount of total gluten proteins as well as of the crude protein content of flour was little influenced, whereas amounts and proportions of single protein types were strongly affected by the different S fertilisation. The changes were clearly dependent on the Cys and Met content of each protein type. The amount of S-free ω-gliadins increased drastically, and that of S-poor high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits increased moderately in the case of S deficiency. In contrast, the amounts of S-rich γ-gliadins and low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin subunits decreased significantly, whereas the amount of α-gliadins was reduced only slightly. S deficiency resulted in a remarkable shift of protein proportions. The gliadin/glutenin ratio increased distinctly; ω-gliadins became major components, and γ-gliadins minor components, whereas the ratio of HMW to LMW glutenin subunits was well-balanced.     

高产玉米施硫增产效应与机制研究

对11250kg/ha产量水平的高产玉米施硫肥有显著的增产效果，增产幅度可达14.6%。施硫肥玉米根层数和根条数增加，根系活力提高，叶片叶绿素含量增加．硫肥还促进植株对氮、磷、钾的吸收并使籽粒灌浆速度加快。     

Effect of nitrogen and sulphur fertilizers and seed inoculation with rhizobium phaseoli on the nitrogen‐sulphur relationships of bean (phaseolus vulgaris L.)

A greenhouse experiment with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was performed in order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and sulphur application and seed inoculation on the yield, leaf area, distribution of different nitrogen and sulphur fractions and N/S ratio in shoot, fruit and root.

Inoculation of plants together with nitrogen or sulphur application produces an increase in the concentration of total nitrogen and a decrease in the accumulation of nitrate‐nitrogen and sulphate‐sulphur in shoot, fruit and root. Leaf area increased more with nitrogen than with sulphur application while the highest amounts of fruit dry matter were obtained with sulphur application.

N: S ratios obtained were different according to the part of the plant tested. Sulphur fertilization decreased the N: S ratios in shoot, fruit and root. The data obtained indicate that and adequate N: S ratio can insure maximum production of yield.     

Effect of tillage and nutrient management on wheat productivity and quality in Haryana, India

This article reports on field experiments with 4 different rotations that are commonly used throughout Haryana in NW India (rice-wheat, cotton-wheat, pearl millet-wheat, cluster bean-wheat), where we assess wheat yield and chapatti quality measures with different crop establishment methods and input of micronutrients. In a series of experiments conducted on farmers’ fields in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 winter seasons, the addition of micronutrients and sulphur to wheat crops was used alongside the use of a common farmer practice, the use of farmyard manure (FM) and best practice inputs of N-fertilizer (150 kg N ha⁻¹), P-fertilizer (26 kg P ha⁻¹) and K-fertilizer (33 kg K ha⁻¹). The application of FM with the recommended NPK treatment produced 9-13% more grain yield in the rice-wheat rotation when compared with the recommended NPK only treatment. Given that the farm sites used here had low levels of soil P, this may suggest that the recommended rate of 26 kg P ha⁻¹ for the rice-wheat rotation is too low. The addition of FM did not improve any grain quality outcomes at any of the sites. There were no yield responses with S application with any of the rotations but the S input resulted in more wheat protein from all sites (average 8%). The addition of S also gave similar increases in grain hardness and the chapatti score. The inclusion of micronutrients (boron, copper, iron, zinc and manganese) with the recommended NPK treatment did not increase the grain yield at any of the sites when compared with the recommended NPK treatment, and sometimes, but not consistently, gave small responses with protein, grain hardness and chapatti score. In concurrent experiments wheat growth and chapatti quality were compared in zero till and conventionally sown systems, and with and without S fertilizer amendment. Here too there were no grain yield responses to S, and the protein, grain hardness and chapatti score were increased with S addition. Grain yields with zero till and conventional wheat were similar in the rice-wheat system and zero till sowing resulted in small increases in yield at all of the non-rice sites. The grain from the zero till treatments had higher protein (1-3%), grain hardness (3-10%) and chapatti score from all 4 rotations. Zero till has substantial adoption in the rice-wheat districts of Haryana but little farmer awareness and adoption in the areas where the other rotations are used. The data given here show that with zero tillage and an integrated practice of nutrient management farmers in Haryana can maintain grain yields of wheat whilst improving quality outcomes.     

南昌市大气硫沉降的空间变化和来源

[目的]探讨苔藓组织硫含量和雨水硫酸根浓度的相关性及南昌市大气硫的来源。[方法]在南昌市南昌大学北区、南昌大学前湖校区、电厂、梅岭4个采样点采集石生细叶小羽藓[Bryohaplocladium microphyllum（Hedw.）R.Watanabe et Iwats]样品29个,并在南昌电厂采集煤样9个,然后测定苔藓组织和煤的硫含量和硫同位素值。[结果]南昌大学北区苔藓组织硫含量（0.45%±0.059%）高于南昌大学苔藓组织硫含量（0.26%±0.002%）,能反映南昌市雨水硫酸根浓度变化规律。南昌市苔藓硫同位素的变化范围是-0.64‰～9.71‰,其中南昌市市郊梅岭苔藓组织硫同位素值最高（4.02‰～9.71‰）,明显高于南昌大学前湖校区（0.55‰～0.56‰）和电厂苔藓组织硫同位素值（-0.64‰～0.45‰）。[结论]对苔藓组织硫含量和硫同位素值相关性的研究表明,南昌市大气硫源主要受到中国北方远距离传输硫和生物成因硫的共同影响。     

长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对棕壤中全硫和有效硫的影响

对长期连续覆膜(1987年～2005年)及不同施肥处理的棕壤中土壤全硫及有效硫进行动态变化研究。结果表明:表层土壤全硫及有效硫含量差异显著,土壤全硫含量的垂直分布随土层加深而逐渐降低。四种施肥处理对全硫和有效硫含量有一定影响,全硫含量高低顺序为M2N2>M2>N2>CK;有效硫的顺序为N2>M2N2>M2>CK。裸地土壤全硫和有效硫含量随时间变化总体呈下降趋势,而覆膜土壤总体上升。