我国加拿大一枝黄花研究文献分析

运用文献计量学方法,对我国1994年—2009年间的加拿大一枝黄花研究文献年代、研究领域、期刊分布、文献作者及其所在地区分布等进行了统计分析。初步总结了当前我国加拿大一枝黄花研究的现状和特点,找出了我国加拿大一枝黄花研究的热点和薄弱环节,并对此提出了建议。     

耕作方式对Brookston粘壤土耕层不同深度有机碳分布及稳定性影响

以加拿大安大略省西南部的Brookston粘壤土为研究对象,测定免耕和秋翻管理下耕层土壤不同深度(0～5,5～10,10～20 cm)中土壤有机碳的分布与动态变化,探索耕作方式对耕层不同深度中有机碳数量与稳定性的影响.结果表明:表层(O～5 cm)中,长期免耕土壤有机碳含量高于长期秋翻和短期免耕土壤,且有机碳较容易矿化,更加活跃.下层(10～20 cm)中,长期免耕土壤有机碳含量低干长期秋翻和短期免耕土壤,有机碳稳定性高于长期秋翻和短期免耕土壤.     

Vegetative propagation of Solidago canadensis – do fragment size and burial depth matter?

Clonal species may benefit from human disturbance because their vegetative fragments may be distributed via soil. Solidago canadensis is an invasive rhizomatous perennial frequently found in ruderal environments. When creating new infrastructure, digging and cutting are two main factors that may influence the spread of S. canadensis into new areas. To have a better understanding of the invasive potential of S. canadensis, we investigated whether S. canadensis was able to survive and grow from stem cuttings as well as from rhizomes. Rhizomes and cuttings were collected from three populations in Eastern Norway. The rhizomes and cuttings were planted in a pot experiment to assess their vegetative ability to propagate. Rhizome fragments (5 and 10 cm long) were buried at 0.5, 10 and 30 cm depths. The cuttings were planted as 15 cm stems, with the bottom 5 cm pushed into the soil. The results showed that rhizome length did not have an effect on survival. Although some sprouting occurred at all burial depths, increasing depth had a negative effect on rhizome survival. In general, development of the cuttings was good, but there were differences between population performance and survival. These results imply that care must be taken when (i) constructing new sites, because digging and transport of soil masses may spread S. canadensis into new areas by rhizomes or cuttings, and (ii) mowing road verges and other ruderal areas to prevent the spread of stem cuttings from one area to another.     

Effect of baiting gillnets in the Canadian Greenland halibut fishery

Catch rates were compared between gillnets with and without bait in the Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Walbaum) fishery off Baffin Island, Canada. Two different types of baiting techniques were compared: bait bags where squid were placed into 2‐mm mesh bags, and tied bait where squid were tied into meshes. Both types of baited gillnets significantly increased the capture of the target species, Greenland halibut, with increases of 253.8% and 149.7% for the bait bag and tied bait, respectively. Common bycatch species showed mixed effects, with roughhead grenadier Macrourus berglax Lacépède showing no increase in catch per unit effort (CPUE) for either bait type (p > 0.05), and porcupine crab Neolithodes grimaldii (Milne‐Edwards and Bouvier) only had a higher CPUE with baited gillnets when bait bags were placed on the footrope. Less common bycatch species—but with threatened populations—showed an increase in CPUE, including Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch and Schneider) and Northern wolffish Anarhichas denticulatus Krøyer. Baiting gillnets affected the CPUE of gillnets in the Greenland halibut fishery, and management should consider how the increased CPUE of both target and bycatch species are affected by this new fishery trend.     

加拿大林火天气指标系统在吉林省的应用1）

针对吉林省林火发生特点,引入加拿大林火天气指标系统,利用1996—2010年气象资料和吉林省1996—2010年森林火灾数据,采用薄板样条插值方法,研究林火天气指标与林火的相关性,并划分森林火险等级。结果表明：加拿大林火天气指标系统适用于吉林省,分级方法也比较适用。但还需要进一步检验和对比研究,以使系统能够更好地适用于吉林省的林火预报工作。     

Tillage erosion within potato production in Atlantic Canada: II: Erosivity of primary and secondary tillage operations

To date, tillage erosion experiments in Canada have only been conducted on conventionally tilled corn-based production systems in Ontario and conventionally tilled cereal-based production in Manitoba. Estimates and assumptions have been made for all other production systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the erosivity of primary and secondary tillage operations within conventional and conservation potato production systems used in Atlantic Canada. Regression analysis determined that a direct relationship exists between slope gradient and both the mean displacement distance of the tilled layer (T_L) and the mass of translocated soil (T_M) for the chisel plough (CP), mouldboard plough (MP) and offset disc (OD), but not for the vibrashank (VS). Overall, the potential for tillage erosion of the MP, CP, and OD was similar (1.8–1.9 kg m⁻¹ %⁻¹ pass⁻¹) and larger than that of the VS (0.3 kg m⁻¹ %⁻¹ pass⁻¹). The regression coefficients for each implement were improved after including slope curvature, and we recommend that curvature be included in any future tillage erosion modelling. Our results show that both residue management to control wind and water erosion and soil movement to control tillage erosion must be considered when choosing implements and developing best management practices with regards to reducing the negative impacts of total soil erosion on potato production systems in Atlantic Canada.     

加拿大优质小麦品质育种与生产概况

本文较详细地介绍了加拿大优质小麦的生产与品质现状、育种理论与育种成果、专用品种类型与品质标准、分类与分级系统 ,以及如何科学合理地进行质量控制、检测程序及价格调节机制。我国小麦产量和消费居世界首位 ,馒头、面条是我国的传统食品 ,面包、点心等食品量的需求也有较大的增长。本文着重分析了适于加工馒头 (蛋白质中等、面筋中强、延伸性好 )、面包 (蛋白质高、面筋强 )的硬质型小麦品种和宜作糕点 (低蛋白、弱面筋 )的软质型小麦品种的蛋白质品质、粉质参数、拉伸参数与食品品质的关系 ,以期为我国专用小麦引种与品质育种以及对面食加工部门优质原料的选择提供理论与技术依据     

Tillage erosion within potato production systems in Atlantic Canada: I. Measurement of tillage translocation by implements used in seedbed preparation

In Canada, there is growing acceptance that tillage erosion is a serious form of soil degradation and a threat to the sustainability of agriculture across the country. To date, the potential risk for tillage erosion within potato production systems has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to generate tillage translocation values for primary and secondary tillage implements common to seedbed preparation within conventionally and conservation tilled potato production systems in Atlantic Canada. Tillage translocation was measured for each implement by labelling a plot of soil with a tracer. The tracer redistribution along the path of tillage was used to generate a summation curve to calculate mean soil movement in the direction of tillage. The results show that each primary and secondary tillage operation moved vast quantities of soil and is potentially erosive. Maximum displacement distances were considerably larger in this project than those reported in previous studies looking at tillage erosion by primary and/or secondary tillage implements. All four tillage implements tested moved soil at least 3 m, with the greatest translocated distances (5.6 m) observed for the chisel plough (CP) and vibrashank (VS). The mass of translocated soil (T_M) was greatest for the CP, followed by the mouldboard plough (MP), VS and offset disc (OD). In addition, compared to travelling downslope, the upslope speed of tillage was reduced by 38%, 21%, 32% and 12% for the MP, CP, OD and VS, respectively, while the depth of tillage was reduced by 6%, 5%, 35% and 2%, respectively. It is apparent that conservation tillage implements (the CP is generally promoted to reduce water erosion in Atlantic Canada) and secondary tillage implements (OD and VS) can move as much soil as conventional tillage implements such as the mouldboard plough, and must be considered when developing plans to reduce soil erosion within potato fields in Atlantic Canada.     

中国与欧洲、加拿大的定向刨花板产品标准比较

对中国和欧洲、加拿大的定向刨花板标准进行比较,分析国内标准与国外标准在质量要求等方面的差异,为中国定向刨花板的生产、贸易和标准制修订提供参考。