丛枝菌根真菌作用下桉树对铅的耐受机制研究

通过盆栽桉树幼苗实验,采用差速离心法和化学试剂逐步提取法,从Pb在桉树不同部位中的亚细胞分布和化学形态的角度,研究了桉树对Pb的耐受机制。结果表明Pb主要富集在桉树根部（65%-84%）,在根、茎和叶中主要分布在细胞壁组分,其次在可溶组分。接种丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）没有改变Pb在植物中亚细胞分布的格局,但在高Pb处理（200 mg/kg,400 mg/kg）时增大了根部细胞壁组分和叶片可溶组分的分配比例,说明AMF可以增强细胞壁滞留作用和液泡区隔化作用。随土壤中Pb浓度的增加,桉树根部Pb的乙醇提取态的分配比例逐渐减少,而醋酸提取态的分配比例逐渐增加,在高Pb处理时以醋酸提取态为主（40%）。高Pb处理时接种AMF,可以促使植物体内的Pb从活性较强的提取态向活性较弱的提取态转化。因此,根部固持作用、细胞壁滞留作用、液泡区隔化作用及弱活性结合态增加作用,是AMF作用下桉树耐Pb的主要机制。     

Additive and interactive effects of functionally dissimilar soil organisms on a grassland plant community

The productivity and diversity of plant communities are affected by soil organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), root herbivores and decomposers. However, it is unknown how interactions between such functionally dissimilar soil organisms affect plant communities and whether the combined effects are additive or interactive. In a greenhouse experiment we investigated the individual and combined effects of AMF (five Glomus species), root herbivores (wireworms and nematodes) and decomposers (collembolans and enchytraeids) on the productivity and nutrient content of a model grassland plant community as well as on soil microbial biomass and community structure. The effects of the soil organisms on productivity (total plant biomass), total root biomass, grass and forb biomass, and nutrient uptake of the plant community were additive. AMF decreased, decomposers increased and root herbivores had no effect on productivity, but in combination the additive effects canceled each other out. AMF reduced total root biomass by 18%, but decomposers increased it by 25%, leading to no net effect on total root biomass in the combined treatments. Total shoot biomass was reduced by 14% by root herbivores and affected by an interaction between AMF and decomposers where decomposers had a positive impact on shoot growth only in presence of AMF. AMF increased the shoot biomass of forbs, but reduced the shoot biomass of grasses, while root herbivores only reduced the shoot biomass of grasses. Interactive effects of the soil organisms were detected on the shoot biomasses of Lotus corniculatus, Plantago lanceolata, and Agrostis capillaris. The C/N ratio of the plant community was affected by AMF.In soil, AMF promoted abundances of bacterial, actinomycete, saprophytic and AMF fatty acid markers. Decomposers alone decreased bacterial and actinomycete fatty acids abundances but when decomposers were interacting with herbivores those abundances were increased. Our results suggests that at higher resolutions, i.e. on the levels of individual plant species and the microbial community, interactive effects are common but do not affect the overall productivity and nutrient uptake of a grassland plant community, which is mainly affected by additive effects of functionally dissimilar soil organisms.     

丛枝菌根真菌减少污染土壤Cd淋溶流失的效应研究

为研究丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）对玉米生长与镉（Cd）吸收、土壤团粒组成、壤中流Cd浓度和Cd淋溶流失的影响,本研究以云南兰坪铅锌矿周边Cd污染农田土壤为基质,玉米为宿主植物,设置接种和不接种AMF处理,开展室内盆栽试验。结果表明：与不接种AMF（CK）相比,接种AMF显著增加玉米生物量,降低植株Cd含量与吸收量。接种AMF显著增加0~40 cm土层总球囊霉素相关蛋白（T-GRSP）和易提取球囊霉素相关蛋白（EE-GRSP）的含量,导致粒径（R）>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量增加55%,R<0.25 mm团聚体含量降低,土壤有效态Cd含量降低26%~43%。接种AMF导致0~30 cm土层壤中流Cd浓度下降14%~22%,Cd淋溶流失量降低29%。相关分析发现：R>0.85 mm的团聚体含量与T-GRSP含量呈显著正相关,R>0.25 mm的团聚体含量与壤中流Cd浓度、Cd淋溶流失量呈极显著负相关;有效态Cd含量与壤中流Cd浓度、Cd淋溶流失量呈极显著和显著正相关。研究表明,与CK相比,接种AMF不仅能增加土壤球囊霉素相关蛋白和大团聚体的含量,而且有助于降低土壤有效态Cd含量与壤中流Cd浓度,减少Cd的淋溶流失,AMF对土壤Cd淋溶流失效应具有重要影响。     

应用克隆文库构建法分析马铃薯块茎形成期根系AMF菌群组成

为弄清马铃薯生产中丛枝菌根真菌的作用,随机采取马铃薯块茎形成期的根系样品,以DNA提取产物为基础,Nested-PCR扩增目的片段,利用该产物构建AMF部分18S rRNA基因克隆文库,运用ARDRA筛选、DNA测序和系统发育树等方法分析丛枝菌根真菌的结构组成。结果表明:文库Coverage C值为89.7%,但Rarefaction曲线不够饱和;获得的8个AMF类型均与免培养的球囊霉属克隆序列相似度较高,其中Seq2、Seq3、Seq5和Seq8代表的摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)、近明球囊霉(Glomus claroideum)和地表球囊霉(Glomus versifome)分类地位较为清晰,其余序列可能代表的球囊霉属较新种类。     

云南干热河谷地区木棉科植物丛枝菌根真菌的调查研究

【目的】调查云南干热河谷地区木棉科植物根及根际周围的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)分布状况,为筛选对干热河谷木棉生长有明显促进作用的AMF提供理论依据。【方法】采用湿筛沉淀法,从云南干热河谷的元阳、元江、东川、元谋、宾川和怒江6个地区的木棉须根及其所带土壤中分离AMF孢子,在体视镜下观察记录孢子的颜色、大小、连孢菌丝的特征、孢子果形态等;在此基础上,用微吸管挑取孢子置于载玻片上,加浮载剂(蒸馏水、乳酸、乳酸甘油、Melzer’s试剂)在Nikon显微镜下观察,对孢子颜色、大小,孢壁颜色、类型、厚度等指标进行鉴定。【结果】从云南干热河谷6个地区的野生及人工栽培的木棉中,共分离鉴定出AMF 3属6种,分别为幼套球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum、摩西球囊霉Funneliformis mosseae、何氏球囊霉Glomus hoi、缩球囊霉Funneliformis constrictum、苏格兰球囊霉Glomus caledonium和细凹无梗囊霉Acaulospora scrobiculata。AMF在不同区域、不同季节和不同栽培环境下的分布规律不同,旱季较少,雨季较多;野生环境中多,人工栽培环境少。【结论】在云南干热河谷地区,幼套球囊霉和摩西球囊霉较其他AMF出现频率更高,孢子数量较多,初步认为这2种是该区域木棉科植物丛枝菌根真菌的优势种。     

丛枝菌根真菌接种诱导的玉米叶片蛋白鉴定及功能分析

采用比较蛋白质组学方法，研究丛枝菌根真菌接种条件下玉米叶片蛋白表达谱的动态变化。以玉米叶片为实验材料，运用双向凝胶电泳技术(2-DE)对丛枝菌根真菌接种后玉米叶片差异表达蛋白进行分离，并通过质谱技术和搜索NCBInr数据库对差异蛋白进行鉴定。结果显示，接种后玉米叶片中有21个蛋白差异表达，其中有8个蛋白被成功鉴定，这些蛋白包括At4g15770、resistance protein candidate RGC2、transducin protein-like(ISS)、similar to dynamin     

Subcritical soil hydrophobicity in the presence of native and exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal species at different soil salinity levels

Soil salinity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) influence the soil hydrophobicity. An experiment was performed to determine the effects of soil salinity and AMF species on soil water repellency (SWR) under wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. Six AMF treatments, including four exotic species (Rhizophagus irregularis, Funneliformis mosseae and Claroideoglomus claroideum, a mix of three species), one mix native AMF species treatment and an AMF-free soil in combination with four salinity levels (1, 5, 10, and 15 dS m^?1) were used. The soil repellency index (RI) increased with salinity increment ranging from 2.4 to 10.5. The mix of three exotic and native AMF treatments enhanced the RI significantly compared to AMF-free soil in all salinity levels with one exception for native treatment at 1 dS m^?1. Among individual AMF species, the C. claroideum treatment at 10 dS m^?1 increased the RI by 67% compared to AMF-free soil. The native AMF treatment was more efficient in root colonization, glomalin production and SWR development at 10 and 15 dS m^?1, compared to exotic species. In addition to the net positive effect of salinity on SWR, the AMF influences on the RI were greatly dependent on salinity levels.     

土壤中丛枝菌根真菌对宿主植物磷吸收作用机制综述

由于贫瘠土壤不能供给植物足够磷素,而丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)在促进植物生长和吸收利用磷方面发挥着重要的作用。评述了国内外丛枝菌根真菌吸收土壤磷、根际环境与AMF共同作用对土壤磷的影响、AMF储磷机理、磷从菌丝到根系转移和植物吸收利用磷机制的研究进展,为今后应用AMF改善土壤肥力和深刻了解接菌土壤中磷的迁移转化规律奠定基础。     

Signals that stop the rot: Regulation of secondary metabolite defences in cereals

Plants accumulate a vast arsenal of chemically diverse secondary metabolites for defence against pathogens. This review will focus on the signal transduction and regulation of defence secondary metabolite production in five food security cereal crops: maize, rice, wheat, sorghum and oats. Recent research advances in this field have revealed novel processes and chemistry in these monocots that make this a rich field for future research.     

Impact of Mycorrhizae Formation on the Phosphorus and Heavy-Metal Uptake of Alfalfa

Three pot experiments were set up to determine how efficiently mycorrhizal fungi affect the uptake, translocation, and distribution of labeled phosphorus (³²P), phosphorus (P), and heavy metals in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). In experiments 1 and 2, the efficiencies of different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species including Glomus mosseae, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices and a mixed strain (G. mosseae, Gigaspora hartiga, and G. fasciculatum) on uptake, translocation, and distribution of ³²P and P in alfalfa were investigated, respectively. In a third experiment, the efficiency of G. mosseae on uptake and distribution of heavy metals [cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), and combinations] was tested. Results of experiments 1 and 2 suggest that G. mosseae was the most effective at increasing the uptake of ³²P and P. Experiment 3 result showed that in the triple-metal-contaminated soil, inoculated plants had greater Co (32.56 mg kg^?1) and Pb (289.50 mg kg^?1) concentration and G. mosseae enhanced the translocation of heavy metals to shoot. Hence, mycorrhizal alfalfa in symbiosis with G. mosseae can be used for remediation of heavy metals polluted soils with high efficiency.