荒山滴灌造林中土壤水分运移研究

选择新疆伊宁市荒山滴灌造林地,比较研究了8L·h-1和16L·h-1两种不同流量滴头一个灌溉期内土壤水分运移规律,结果表明:伊犁州荒山滴灌造林中使用8L·h-1滴头是合理的,滴头流量过大,容易形成地表径流,造成水资源的浪费;使用8L·h-1流量滴头在造林早期灌溉6~8h就可以保证植物健康生长,随着林分的生长,须逐渐延长灌溉时间。     

大麻幼苗叶形与毛状体及乳汁管性状的相关性研究

为揭示大麻幼苗叶形与毛状体及乳汁管关系,采用徒手切片法等形态学观察方法,对4个工业大麻品种,火麻1号、火麻3号、金刀-15和格列西亚以及2个高世代种资源20170114和资源CA-4共90株幼苗的第一真叶外形、毛状体和乳汁管性状进行了观察,并对所得观测结果进行相关性分析及因子分析。结果表明,大麻叶各类特征内部性状彼此间常存在较强的相关性,通过因子分析,叶形相关性状提取出2个公因子,即叶片外形因子和叶柄外形因子,累计贡献率达91.758%;毛状体相关性状提取出2个公因子,毛状体数量因子和腺毛直径因子,累计贡献率达88.514%。对叶柄乳汁管数及4个公因子进一步关联解析,可知叶柄乳汁管数与叶柄外形因子和毛状体数量因子间呈极显著的正相关性(p0.01)。可通过观察大麻幼苗第一真叶的柄叶比和叶片腹面非腺毛密度间接反映叶柄乳汁管及叶腺毛数量。     

中药合理辐照灭菌剂量设定的初步研究

目前尚无适用于中药辐照合理剂量设定的标准,为了规范中药辐照剂量的设定,本试验参考ISO 11137的标准抗性分布(SDR),计算中药辐照的理论剂量,并与9种中药粉和1种丸剂的实际系列辐照剂量进行比对。结果表明,丸剂和个别中药粉理论剂量比实际剂量偏小,达到-88%~-50%;有7种中药粉的理论剂量与实际剂量基本一致,偏差约为1k Gy。推断大部分中药粉可以通过SDR计算出合理的理论剂量,但对丸剂不建议按照SDR直接进行辐照剂量设定。本研究结果有效地提高了中药合理剂量筛选的效率,降低辐照风险,为中药辐照灭菌剂量的合理设定提供了方法参考。     

草地贪夜蛾幼虫龄期对自相残杀行为的影响

对群体饲养下草地贪夜蛾幼虫在不同龄期的自相残杀行为进行了比较研究,结果表明:在4种密度(5、10、20头/瓶和30头/瓶)下,不同龄期的幼虫自相残杀率差异显著,不同密度下的自相残杀行为主要集中在5龄幼虫,其自相残杀率均在5龄第2天时最高,在5、10、20和30头/瓶中分别为(14.34±3.28)%、(17.94±3.26)%、(18.21±3.47)%和(27.05±5.52)%,幼虫在5龄前的自相残杀行为并不明显。进一步测定发现,相同数量的4龄和5龄幼虫混合后在3种密度(4、10和20头/瓶)下的自相残杀率无显著差异(F=2.29,df=2,P>0.05),但随着幼虫密度的增加,死亡的4龄幼虫占总死亡个体的比例升高,而死亡的5龄幼虫所占比例下降。这说明草地贪夜蛾同一龄期的幼虫自相残杀行为具有明显的龄期依赖性,自相残杀行为主要发生在高龄幼虫间。低龄和高龄幼虫同时存在时低龄幼虫被残杀的比例较高。试验结果对于草地贪夜蛾的室内大量饲养具有一定借鉴作用。     

养殖花鳗鲡鱼皮胶原蛋白的特性分析

为了探究养殖花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)鱼皮胶原蛋白的特性,利用胃蛋白酶结合酸抽提法提取花鳗鲡鱼皮胶原蛋白,SDS-PAGE电泳法展示胶原蛋白的电泳图谱,氨基酸分析仪测定胶原蛋白的氨基酸组成,分析胶原蛋白分子的紫外和红外光谱特征,用浊度实验和流变黏弹性实验探究胶原蛋白分子的体外自组装动力学特性。结果显示,花鳗鲡鱼皮胶原蛋白属于Ⅰ型胶原蛋白,氨基酸组成中甘氨酸、脯氨酸与羟脯氨酸三者的比值为8∶3∶2,胶原蛋白分子的最大紫外吸收峰出现在222.6 nm处,热变性温度28℃,红外光谱图和扫描电镜扫描结果图均表明经胃蛋白酶及酸溶得到的胶原蛋白保持了胶原原有的结构。胶原蛋白分子的体外自组装动力学曲线是含有迟滞期、成长期和稳定期的三阶段曲线。以上结果表明花鳗鲡鱼皮胶原具有接近淡水鱼皮胶原的特征。     

60Co-γ射线对9种庭院月季扦插苗的辐射效应研究

为探讨⁶⁰Co-γ射线对不同庭院月季品种扦插苗的辐射诱变效应,以粉扇、金凤凰、梅朗口红、紫袍玉带、安吉拉、粉色达芬奇、你的眼睛、香槟和九重香9个庭院月季品种的扦插苗为研究对象,⁶⁰Co-γ射线为辐照源,设置不同剂量(0、25、45、60、80 Gy)进行辐射处理,测定了死亡率、萌芽率、变异率和主要的形态指标。结果表明,随着辐射剂量增加,月季扦插苗平均死亡率逐渐增加,从33.61%(0 Gy)上升至79.71%(80 Gy);植株生长受到显著抑制,植株变异率呈先升高后降低的趋势,辐射剂量为45 Gy时,植株变异率达到最高,占总体变异率(4.20‰)的64.70%。此外,不同品种月季对⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射的敏感性不同,半致死辐射剂量也存在差异,其有效值介于26~55 Gy之间。综合⁶⁰Co-γ射线对月季扦插苗死亡率、生长势和变异率的影响,推荐庭院月季扦插苗的最适辐射剂量为45 Gy,这为月季辐射育种提供了理论基础。     

60Co-γ射线对睡莲生物学效应的影响

为探究辐射对睡莲的生物学效应,对2个睡莲品种弗吉尼亚(Nymphaea Virginia)和奥毛斯特(N.Almost black)的块茎进行不同剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射处理。结果表明,2个睡莲品种的存活率均随辐射剂量的增加而下降,半致死剂量分别为24.342和27.671 Gy。5~10 Gy 剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐射处理使睡莲叶面积和浮叶数显著增加,20~40 Gy剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐射处理使叶面积和浮叶数显著减少。2个睡莲品种的开花时间均随辐射剂量的增加而延迟,但整个花期长度无显著变化。10~40 Gy剂量⁶⁰Co-γ辐射处理显著降低了睡莲花径,但对睡莲开花率无显著影响。辐射处理导致2个睡莲品种的叶片均出现红棕色斑块、锯齿、皱缩、小孔、卷曲、黄化等变异,且红棕色斑块的面积随着辐射剂量的增加而增大。辐射处理使黑红色花品种奥毛斯特出现普遍的褪色现象,而白色花品种弗吉尼亚的花色未发生变异。此外,经⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐射处理后2个睡莲品种均出现了花型变异的现象。本研究结果为利用辐射诱变技术选育睡莲新品种奠定了基础。     

Autochthonous halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria promote bacoside A yield of Bacopa monnieri (L.) Nash and phytoextraction of salt-affected soil

Phytoremediation is a promising approach for reclamation of salt-affected soil. Phytoextraction is the most commonly used process, which exploits plants to absorb, immobilize, and accumulate salt in their shoots. In this study, halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were isolated from the rhizosphere of wild grasses growing naturally in salt-affected areas of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (India) and were tested for their efficacies of salt-tolerance and plant growth-promoting (PGP) abilities. Based on 16S rRNA sequences, the most efficient halotolerant isolates possessing PGP traits were identified as Pseudomonas plecoglossicida (KM233646), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (KM233647), Bacillus flexus (KM233648), and Bacillus safensis (KM233652). Application of these isolates as bio-inoculants significantly (P < 0.05) increased the growth and bacoside A yield of a medicinal plant, Bacopa monnieri (L.) Nash, grown on natural salt-affected soil. The phytoremediation of salt-affected soil was evident by the substantial increase in shoot Na⁺:K⁺ ratio of bio-inoculant-treated plants. When compared to un-inoculated control plants, the soil physico-chemical properties of bio-inoculant-treated plants were improved. The shoot and root biomass (fresh and dry weights), soil enzymes, and soil nutrient parameters showed significant positive correlations with the shoot Na⁺:K⁺ ratio. Consequently, the halotolerant PGPR screened in this study could be useful for the reclamation of saline soils concomitant with improved plant growth and bacoside A yield.     

Bacterial communities associated with natural and commercially grown rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)

Aspalathus linearis is a commercially important plant species endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and is used to produce a herbal tea known as rooibos tea. Symbiotic interactions between A. linearis and soil bacteria play an important role in the survival of Aspalathus plants in the highly nutrient-poor, acidic fynbos soil. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities associated with natural and commercially grown A. linearis, as well as the effect of seasonal changes on these communities. Bacterial communities were characterized using high throughput amplicon sequencing, and their correlations with soil chemical properties were investigated. The N-fixing bacterial community was characterized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the most dominant bacterial phyla detected in this study. Highly similar bacterial communities were associated with natural and commercially grown plants. Significant differences in the bacterial community were observed between rhizosphere and bulk soils collected in the dry season, while no significant differences were detected in the wet season. This study provides insights into bacterial community structure and potential factors shaping bacterial community structure with commercially important A. linearis.