低氧胁迫对九孔鲍免疫防御因子的影响

为了解低氧胁迫条件下九孔鲍免疫防御因子的变化及机体抗病力变化, 将九孔鲍置于不同的溶解氧环境中, 观测相关免疫因子变化。结果显示, 在水温为(22.1?1.3) oC, 盐度为30.72?0.54, pH值为8.20?0.14的海水环境中, 溶解氧含量由(7.49?0.14) mg/L下调至(2.53?0.16) mg/L后120 h内, 平均体质量为(14.25±2.21) g的九孔鲍未见死亡, 而每只鲍注射5.0?10⁵ CFU 副溶血弧菌后120 h内实验鲍的累计死亡率高达91.11%?7.70%, 比对照组(11.11%?3.83%)累计死亡率高出80%, 血淋巴抑菌清除率下降至?(3 340.47%?298.57%), 显而易见, 低氧胁迫使得九孔鲍拮抗副溶血弧菌感染的抵抗力显著下降。低氧(2.53?0.16) mg/L胁迫下, 九孔鲍血淋巴细胞数量(THC)下降30.62%?4.87%、血淋巴细胞吞噬率下降62.77%?5.79%、呼吸爆发产生的超氧阴离子数量下降22.21%?5.89%。低氧胁迫下九孔鲍血淋巴细胞内MPO活性上升(9.63%?7.59%)~(22.90%?13.73%)、CAT活性提高(7.68%?6.83%)~(56.28%?13.96%), 反映出低氧胁迫下九孔鲍体内应激反应产生的物质氧化加剧, 血淋巴细胞内产生大量的活性氧自由基。溶解氧含量由(7.49?0.14) mg/L下调至(4.51?0.12) mg/L后九孔鲍已明显处于低氧胁迫和应激反应状态, 120 h内的累计死亡率达到37.78%?3.85%, 血淋巴抑菌率下降至883.56%?123.22%; THC、血淋巴细胞吞噬率、呼吸爆发产生的超氧阴离子O₂^- 数量等最大降幅分别达到12.51%?6.59%、21.90%?15.84%、12.93%?5.74%; MPO活性在原有水平的?(10.61%?4.20%)~(7.13%?6.45%)之间波动, CAT活性在?(5.17%?18.08%)~(16.26%?10.85%)之间变化。     

The susceptibility of diverse species of cultured oligochaetes to the fish parasite Myxobolus pseudodispar Gorbunova (Myxozoa)

This study provides detailed information on the invertebrate hosts of Myxobolus pseudodispar (Myxozoa) and explores the susceptibility range of several species and analyses the relevance of the species composition of an oligochaete population. Our findings demonstrate that the oligochaete host range of M. pseudodispar is similarly wide as the number of vertebrate host species. Besides Tubifex tubifex and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Psammoryctides barbatus and Psammoryctides moravicus were also found to be susceptible invertebrate hosts. The genetic characterization of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA of T. tubifex sensu lato revealed that lineages I, II and III are susceptible to M. pseudodispar, whereas T. tubifex lineage VI seems to be non‐susceptible. T. tubifex lineage V and L. hoffmeisteri specimens were positive in a M. pseudodispar‐specific PCR, but in most cases, the release of mature actinospores could not be detected. Hence, these non‐susceptible oligochaetes likely serve as `biological filters` as they remove myxospores from the sediment without producing actinospores. Together with the phylogenetic analysis of the susceptible and non‐susceptible oligochaete hosts on the basis of mt 16S rDNA sequences, the route of the development of M. pseudodispar in the oligochaete hosts was tracked by in situ hybridization. According to our findings, the gut epithelia seem to be a portal of entry of the sporoplasms, where the development of the parasite also takes place. The basal lamina seems to be involved in the migration of the parasite, and the worm’s cellular immune response is activated by the infection.     

新疆B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性测定与分析

[目的]对近年来新疆B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性特征及其发展变化进行了研究,为该害虫在新疆的化学防治及抗药性治理(IRM)策略提供科学依据.[方法]应用着卵叶片浸渍法和浸叶法比较测定了新疆部分地区B型烟粉虱对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性.[结果]由于长期用药防治烟粉虱,在新疆不同区域和寄主上B型烟粉虱对杀虫剂的敏感性出现了分化.[结论]被测种群对毒死蜱、噻虫嗪及天然除虫菊酯的敏感度低,LC50值分别为71.662～330.855、223.028～242.420和107.117～164.639 mg/L,属于抗性治理的重点品种;对吡虫啉、溴氰菊酯和氟虫腈的LC50值分别为43.47～67.496、27.881～61.688和21.808～43.768 mg/L,具有较高的抗药性风险,应当重点监测其抗性发展程度;对吡虫清、苦参·烟碱乳油等药剂敏感性高,属于重点保护的农药品种,可以在新疆烟粉虱的化学防治使用.另外,除了大剂量、高频率使用杀虫剂的温室烟粉虱品系ZH-O对吡丙醚产生了超过3 000倍的抗性外,其余各品系对吡丙醚表现敏感,该药剂仍可作为烟粉虱治理的重要品种之一.     

海南豇豆蚜对敌敌畏、三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和氰戊菊酯的敏感性测定

就海南省崖城、金江、通什和两院地区豇豆上的豇豆蚜对敌敌畏、三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和氰戊菊酯的敏感性进行了初步调查与研究。试验结果表明,不同地区豇豆蚜对敌敌畏、三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷和氰戊菊酯的敏感性存在明显差异。崖城和金江两地区豇豆蚜种群对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和DDV均表现出较强的抗药性。以两院地区豇豆蚜作为敏感品系,崖城和金江两地区豇豆蚜种群对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯、DDV的LC50抗性比值分别为21.86倍、22.78倍、17.88倍、13.49倍和10.91倍、12.59倍、11.47倍和13.49倍。通什地区的豇豆蚜对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和DDV的抗性也有一定的提高,与两院种群LC50抗性比值分别为1.58倍、12.27倍、4.45倍和2.28倍。而且崖城、金江和通什地区豇豆蚜种群对三氟氯氰菊酯、辛硫磷、氰戊菊酯和DDV抗性种群的异质性很强。     

Assessment of the Antimicrobial Activity of Algae Extracts on Bacteria Responsible of External Otitis

External otitis is a diffuse inflammation around the external auditory canal and auricle, which is often occurred by microbial infection. This disease is generally treated using antibiotics, but the frequent occurrence of antibiotic resistance requires the development of new antibiotic agents. In this context, unexplored bioactive natural candidates could be a chance for the production of targeted drugs provided with antimicrobial activity. In this paper, microbial pathogens were isolated from patients with external otitis using ear swabs for over one year, and the antimicrobial activity of the two methanol extracts from selected marine (Dunaliella salina) and freshwater (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) microalgae was tested on the isolated pathogens. Totally, 114 bacterial and 11 fungal strains were isolated, of which Staphylococcus spp. (28.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (24.8%) were the major pathogens. Only three Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains and 11 coagulase-negative Staphylococci showed resistance to methicillin. The two algal extracts showed interesting antimicrobial properties, which mostly inhibited the growth of isolated S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella spp. with MICs range of 1.4 × 10⁹ to 2.2 × 10¹⁰ cells/mL. These results suggest that the two algae have potential as resources for the development of antimicrobial agents.     

基于GIS和随机森林模型的泥石流敏感性分析——以吉林省洮南市北部山区为例

[目的]对区域性泥石流敏感性进行分析,为吉林省洮南市泥石流灾害预测研究提出一种高效快捷的分析模型。[方法]针对现行大多数概率统计模型预测率较低的不足,利用人工智能算法中效果明显的随机森林算法,以吉林省洮南市西北部山区为研究区域,选用高程、坡度、坡向、平面曲率、剖面曲率、河流、归一化差分植被指数、地形湿度指数、土地利用及岩性10个评价因子构建了频率比和随机森林泥石流敏感性评价模型进行对比验证。模型准确性的验证方法采用受试者特征曲线(ROC曲线)及累积频率曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)。[结果]随机森林对研究区泥石流敏感性进行分析,并通过GIS将敏感性图分为5个敏感性区域,位于高敏感性区以上的灾害点占82.3%。验证模型成功率及预测率分别为88.4%与90.4%,相较于频率比的成功率及预测率(86.4%和75.1%)效果良好。[结论]在洮南市北部进行泥石流敏感性分析中,采用随机森林方法进行建模,并利用频率比方法进行对比,结果显示随机森林法结果可靠准确。     

坡面侵蚀土壤化学性质对磁化率影响机理的研究

研究了不同侵蚀强度下土壤磁化率及其与土壤化学性质的关系,结果表明:土壤pH、有机质含量和各形态氧化铁含量均与磁化率呈正相关,且氧化铁含量与磁化率呈极显著正相关,表明土壤不同形态氧化铁含量的多少是影响坡面土壤磁化率变化的关键因素。土壤侵蚀导致坡面物质的再分布,从而使土壤pH、有机质、氧化铁含量等土壤化学性质随之发生变化,这些因素随着侵蚀的强弱而发生变化,是影响坡面侵蚀土壤磁性变化的根源。     

An artificial inoculation protocol for Uromycladium acaciae,cause of a serious disease of Acacia mearnsii in southern Africa

Uromycladium acaciae is the cause of a severe wattle rust epidemic in plantations of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) in southern Africa. Research on the biology of this damaging rust is assisting in the development of control strategies. One strategy under investigation is the identification and deployment of resistant lines of A. mearnsii. Selection of resistant families currently relies on large-scale, time-consuming and expensive field trials. In this study, we present a detailed artificial inoculation protocol for U. acaciae, which can be used to screen for resistance. The results of an experiment that used the protocol to screen the relative resistance of 12 families of A. mearnsii to U. acaciae are also presented. The developed artificial inoculation protocol can also be used to investigate several other aspects of this host–pathogen system.     

土壤粒度和磁化率特征对绰墩古水稻土成因的指示

本文研究了绰墩农业遗址P-02原状土剖面的粒度分布,定量分析了土壤黏粒的矿物组成,测定了土壤/沉积物及其各粒级组分(黏粒、粉砂粒、细砂粒和粗砂粒)的磁化率。结果表明：在0 ~ 30 cm和134 ~ 154 cm两层段,黏粒含量从下向上有降低的趋势,这可能预示着长期的水耕作业造成黏粒从表层向亚表层移动;在148 ~ 200 cm层段,土壤磁化率从下向上有降低的趋势,可能说明该处存在长期淹水的状况。总之,黏粒含量和质量磁化率数据说明长江下游地区的先民在马家浜文化时期已开始采用“水溽”方式进行水稻的栽培。     

TYK2基因与家兔肠炎的易感性研究

[目的]研究TYK2基因在家兔肠炎发生中的遗传效应,探讨其是否可以作为家兔抗病育种的辅助选择标记。[方法]通过构建病例组-对照组肠炎兔群和低纤维诱导的肠炎兔群,PCR产物纯化后直接测序,以及qRT-PCR法检测TYK2基因在回肠和结肠组织中的mRNA表达水平。[结果]发现TYK2基因外显子区域有5个c SNP,只有c.1477(c.1477,CT)位点发生非同义突变,导致氨基酸p.Leu 404 Phe(LF)的改变,C等位基因增加了肠炎的易感性(OR:1.36;95%CI 1.269~2.151;P=0.019),而等位基因T对肠炎的发生起到了一定的保护作用(OR:0.81,95%CI 0.352~0.960;P=0.018)。TYK2基因不同基因型和不同肠炎程度的mRNA水平均呈现差异表达(P0.05)。[结论]TYK2(c.1477,CT)是家兔肠炎易感风险基因,为家兔的抗病育种提供了一个可靠的辅助选择标记。