Fate of phosphorus in soil during a long‐term fertilization experiment in Finland

Accumulation and depletion of soil phosphorus (P) was studied in a long‐term (37 y) field experiment in Southern Finland. The loam soil had a high pH (7.5–7.7) due to an earlier liming. Spring barley, spring wheat, oat, and ryegrass, grown in rotation, were annually fertilized with 0, 32, or 67 kg P ha^?1 y^?1 (P₀, P₁, and P₂K) and sufficient N. The average dry matter grain yield 2,600 kg ha^?1 of the P₀ plots increased by about 500 kg ha^?1 at P₁ treatment and another 600 kg ha^?1 by P₂K. Soil samples were collected in 1978 (beginning), 1995, 2005, and 2015. According to the Chang and Jackson sequential extraction, the P₂K and P₁ treatments increased the inorganic soil P by 732 and 32 kg P ha ^?1 in 37 years, respectively, while the P₀ plots were depleted by –459 kg P ha ^?1. The P₂K treatment increased all four P fractions, extracted with NH₄Cl (easily soluble), NH₄F (Al‐P), NaOH (Fe‐P), and H₂SO₄ (Ca‐P). Continuous depletion (P₀) decreased the NH₄Cl‐P and NH₄F‐P pools, NaOH‐P and H₂SO₄‐P pools remaining stable. None of the P pools changed significantly at P₁. The remarkable gap between the measured change and the balance for the P₂K and P₁ treatments cannot be explained solely by lateral soil movement, meaning that a significant proportion of the applied P was lost either in surface runoff or transported below the investigated depth of 40 cm. Despite large P applications, the degree of P saturation reached only 20% in the P₂K topsoil, assuming a 50% reactivity of Fe and Al oxides. As derived from sorption isotherms, a high EPC₀ (i.e., equilibrium P concentration at zero net P sorption or desorption) of 1.30 mg L^?1 had been built up in the P₂K treatment, while in the P₁ treatment EPC₀ (0.33 mg L^?1) had remained unchanged and P depletion (P₀) had caused a decrease to 0.12 mg L^?1. These results demonstrate that P sorption and desorption properties respond strongly to both P fertilization and null fertilization treatments and that in a long‐term field experiment only a low proportion of the residual fertilizer P can be recovered from soil.     

人工纳米材料吸附放射性核素的机理研究

人工纳米材料因其优异的理化性能以及独特的微观结构,被广泛应用于航空航天、放射医疗、建筑、农业等多个领域,尤其在放射性环境污染治理方面有着巨大的应用价值和潜力。通过综述人工纳米材料对废水中的放射性核素[U(Ⅵ)、Eu(Ⅲ)、Co(Ⅱ)等]富集、去除等方面的研究,系统讨论吸附行为和作用机理,借助吸附动力学、吸附热力学、光谱分析技术、表面络合模型和理论计算等方法,对纳米材料吸附放射性核素机理进行了深入分析,表明纳米材料对放射性核素具有强吸附能力而在放射性废水处理领域有着良好的应用前景,认为在科学研究和实际应用过程中,还需开展更多的研究工作,重点应放在低成本、高选择性的功能性纳米材料的绿色环保制备和应用。通过对前期研究结果的总结,期望能对放射性废物处理以及人工纳米材料应用等研究提供一些帮助。     

Geochemical Fractionation and Adsorption Characteristics of Zinc in Thai Major Calcareous Soils

Zinc (Zn) is a vital plant nutrient that is widely deficient in Thai cultivated calcareous soils. The chemical fractionation and adsorption of Zn are among the most important solid- and liquid-phase interactions that determine the retention of Zn in the soils. This study aimed to investigate the fractionation and adsorption isotherms of Zn in cultivated Thai calcareous soils. The results of sequential extractions showed that Zn is mainly distributed in residual fractions followed by organic-bound, iron and manganese oxides-bound, carbonate-bound, and exchangeable Zn, respectively. Zinc adsorption was well fitted by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Thai calcareous soils had high Zn adsorption capacity. Soil pH, organic carbon, calcium carbonate, cation exchange capacity, and extractable calcium were the major soil properties that affected the Zn adsorption isotherms in these soils. Zinc hydroxide was the solid precipitate and the Zn hydroxide ion (ZnOH⁺) was the dominant Zn ion in alkaline equilibrium solution.     

木材吸湿机理及其应用

木材是一种多孔性、吸湿性和各向异性的天然高分子材料,水分影响着木材多方面的性质。文中从木材组分的角度综述了木材对水分的吸湿机理,介绍了木材对水分吸附的基本理论,解释了木材吸湿滞后现象的基本原因;在上述基础上评述了降低木材吸湿性的基本方法及其实现原因,还分析了机理应用方面存在的不足以及测试方法的不统一,并对未来研究趋势进行了展望。     

红壤磷素有效性衰减过程及磷素农学与环境学指标比较研究

【目的】研究红壤中磷素有效性衰减的关键过程及其与施肥量的关系,明确农学与环境学土壤有效磷指标之间的数学关系。【方法】以亚热带红壤为试验材料,通过人工施肥和室内恒温（25℃）培养试验,应用Olsen（OP）、Bray-1（BP）、Mehlich-3（BP）3种农学方法和蒸馏水（HP）、CaCl2（CP）两种环境学方法,分别在1 h、3 h、12 h、24 h、3 d、6 d、9 d、15 d、30 d、60 d用新鲜土样测定土壤有效磷以及磷吸附指数（PSI）的动态变化。【结果】红壤磷素有效性衰减过程存在明显的临界期,变化范围为0.1-18.7 h,此前衰减速度很快,之后明显变慢。施肥量对临界期有显著影响,其中OP、BP、MP的临界期随施肥量增加呈线性延长的趋势,而HP、CP临界期随施肥量的增加呈幂函数延长趋势。环境学与农学指标之间表现为非线性关系,存在明显的“突变点”,据此可求算出红壤磷素迁移的环境风险临界值,其中根据CP变化求算的OP、BP和MP临界值分别为49.97、91.07和30.54 mg•kg-1,根据HP变化求算的OP、BP和MP临界值分别为60.78、82.74和39.65 mg•kg-1。磷吸附指数（PSI）随施肥量的变化范围为17.92-26.29,OP的环境风险临界值对应PSI为23.46。【结论】磷素有效性在红壤中的衰减过程存在明显的临界期,施肥量越高临界期越长,因此向环境迁移的风险就越大。土壤有效磷的环境学指标与农学指标存在非线性关系,据此可以确定出土壤磷素迁移的环境风险临界值。供试红壤的Olsen-P含量临界值为50-60 mg•kg-1,PSI的环境风险临界值为23.46。     

Effect of phosphine dose on sorption in wheat

BACKGROUND: In spite of the extensive use of phosphine fumigation around the world to control insects in stored grain, and the knowledge that grain sorbs phosphine, the effect of concentration on sorption has not been quantified. A laboratory study was undertaken, therefore, to investigate the effect of phosphine dose on sorption in wheat. Wheat was added to glass flasks to achieve filling ratios of 0.25-0.95, and the flasks were sealed and injected with phosphine at 0.1-1.5 mg L(-1) based on flask volume. Phosphine concentration was monitored for 8 days at 25 degrees C and 55% RH. RESULTS: When sorption occurred, phosphine concentration declined with time and was approximately first order, i.e. the data fitted an exponential decay equation. Percentage sorption per day was directly proportional to filling ratio, and was negatively correlated with dose for any given filling ratio. Based on the results, a tenfold increase in dose would result in a halving of the sorption constant and the percentage daily loss. Wheat was less sorptive if it was fumigated for a second time. CONCLUSIONS: The results have implications for the use of phosphine for control of insects in stored wheat. This study shows that dose is a factor that must be considered when trying to understand the impact of sorption on phosphine concentration, and that there appears to be a limit to the capacity of wheat to sorb phosphine.     

生物质炭对磺胺类抗生素在坡耕地紫色土中吸附-解吸及淋溶过程的影响

吸附-解吸是影响抗生素类污染物在土壤中迁移转化及生物有效性的重要过程,本文以川中丘陵区坡耕地紫色土为研究对象,通过批量平衡实验和柱实验研究生物炭施用（投加量0(B0)、39.75 (B1)t/hm2和198.75 (B2) t/hm2）及田间老化作用（夏季干湿交替）对三种典型磺胺类抗生素（磺胺嘧啶（SD）、磺胺二甲基嘧啶（SM2）及磺胺甲恶唑（SMZ））在紫色土中的吸附-解吸和淋溶行为的影响。结果表明：在几种处理中,三种磺胺类抗生素吸附强弱的顺序都表现为SD>SMZ>SM2;与B0处理相比,添加生物炭能增加土壤对三种抗生素的吸附能力,其中SM2的吸附显著增加（P<0.05）,但这种促进作用在经过老化过程后有所减弱。在解吸过程中,三种抗生素的Freundlich常数Kf大小顺序为SD>SMZ>SM2,表明SD在土壤中吸附容量最大且不易解吸,其次是SMZ和SM2;相应的迟滞系数H大小顺序为SD相似文献   

Behaviour of bentazon as influenced by water and tillage management in rice‐growing conditions

Bentazon is a widely used herbicide in rice agroecosystems that has commonly been found in water resources. To assess how tillage and water regimes affect sorption/desorption, dissipation and leaching of bentazon in Mediterranean rice‐growing conditions, field experiments were carried out using tillage and flooding (TF), tillage and sprinkler irrigation (TS), no‐tillage and sprinkler irrigation (NTS) and long‐term no‐tillage and sprinkler irrigation (NTS7). After 3 years, the K_d values in TS were 2.3, 1.6 and 1.7 times lower than the values in NTS7, NTS and TF respectively. Greater sorption of bentazon was related to higher contents in total organic carbon and, although to a lesser extent, in humic acids and dissolved organic carbon. The persistence of bentazon was significantly greater under anaerobic (half‐life DT₅₀ = 94.1–135 days) than under aerobic (DT₅₀ = 42.4–91.3 days) incubation conditions for all management regimes. Leaching losses of bentazon were reduced from 78 and 74% in TS and TF to 61 and 62% in NTS7 and NTS respectively. The mid‐ and long‐term implementation of sprinkler irrigation in combination with no‐tillage could be considered a management system that is effective at reducing water contamination by bentazon in Mediterranean rice‐growing agroecosystems. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modeling of Salt Sorption in Volcanic Ash Soil

Groundwater pollution by nitrate from agricultural fields is a worldwide problem. To improve the understanding of nitrate transport processes through volcanic ash soils overlying groundwater aquifers, salt sorption experiments were performed. Salt sorption is the process that involves the simultaneous use of cation and anion adsorption mechanisms without changing the pH. Prepared six different concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl) solutions were mixed with soil samples. Anion and cation contents of the liquid and solid phases were determined. Experiments were performed in triplicate of six kinds of KCl solutions for three types of soils. Thus, total 54 of samples were analyzed. Relationships between ionic strength and sorption capacity increments of cations and anions were determined. The results show that if ionic strength of the infiltrating solution to the volcanic ash soil is known, the ECEC (effective cation exchange capacity) and EAEC (effective anion exchange capacity) can be reliably estimated. The resulting prediction equations can be included to improve reactive transport simulation models. Consequently, it will be possible to better understand solute transport with changing sorption capacity for the solid soil phase.     

菲在不同性质黑炭上的吸附动力学和等温线研究

在300、500和700℃3种条件下加热木屑制备得到3种黑炭,并对其结构和组成进行了表征。通过吸附动力学实验和平衡吸附实验,研究了菲在这些黑炭样品上的吸附动力学和平衡吸附,分别应用拟一阶、拟二阶和叶洛维奇3种动力学模型及Freundlich吸附等温方程对实验数据进行了拟合。结果表明,菲在黑炭样品上的吸附可以分为极快吸附、快吸附和慢吸附3个阶段,拟一阶动力学和叶洛维奇动力学方程仅能对菲在黑炭上吸附动力学的某个阶段拟合较好,而拟二阶动力学模型可较好地拟合菲的整体吸附动力学过程。说明菲在黑炭上的吸附由多个过程控制,水膜扩散、吸附剂颗粒表面扩散和吸附剂内部微孔扩散等多个过程导致了其吸附动力学的复杂性。在快吸附阶段,菲在各个黑炭上吸附动力学的差异,主要受黑炭疏水性影响。Freundlich模型对吸附等温数据的拟合结果进一步证实,多环芳烃菲在黑炭样品上的吸附受多种机制影响。