粳型光敏核不育系与常规粳稻杂交后代育性的遗传分析

在分析粳型光敏核不育系与粳稻品种杂交组合F_3及以后世代部分株系的育性和基因型的基础上,对分离世代各种主基因型的育性及频率分布进行了估计,验证了根据F_1、F_2和BF_1代作出的水稻光敏核不育性及其育性恢复的遗传涉及核内2对独立的主基因的遗传结论。由F_6以上高世代株系中测选出对农垦58s恢复效应有明显差异的两种纯合单显性可育株系,获得了存在两个不同恢复基因的遗传证据。     

早籼型水稻温敏核不育系M103S的选育与光温反应特性

以温敏核不育水稻安农S—1为母本，以常规高产早籼稻品系92153为父本进行杂交，通过低温选择和人工气候箱鉴定，育成了育性转换临界温度23—24℃的早籼型温敏核不育系M103S。光周期长于12．5h，日平均温度高于24℃，可以用于制种，日平均温度低于23℃，可以用于繁殖。光周期长于13．5h，日平均温度高于23℃，可以用于制种。自然条件下不育起点温度为日均温23—24℃，耐低温期为3—4d。敏感期为抽穗前的7—14d。播始历期为53—79d，主茎叶片数10．0—12．6片。从播种到始穗的活动积温和有效积温，分别为1493．8—1766．3℃和733．4—1058．3℃。不育期的株高63．6—77．5cm，平均72．0cm，单株有效穗6．4—12．0个，平均9．3个，穗长20．9—22．7cm，平均21．2cm，每穗颖花数112．1—137．3朵，平均122．3朵。可育期株高65．7cm，单株有效穗7．2个，穗长17．2cm，每穗总粒数114．1粒，结实率47．23％，千粒重31．34g。以M103S为母本，与100多个早籼品种进行测配，杂种表现生育期早、穗大、粒多、千粒重高。     

光周期变化对山羊褪黑素分泌及免疫和抗氧化功能的影响

光周期可以影响动物体内褪黑素(MLT)的分泌,而MLT能参与机体多种生理功能的调节。本试验旨在研究光周期对山羊MLT分泌、免疫和抗氧化功能及相关基因表达的影响。将18只6月龄雌性绒山羊随机分为3组:对照(CG,自然光周期)组、短光照(SDPP,光照8 h/d,黑暗16 h/d)组和渐减光照(SIPP,光照时间从16 h/d逐渐缩短到8 h/d)组。试验期为60 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,1)在试验第30天,SDPP显著增加了血清MLT含量(P<0.05),在试验第60天,SIPP显著增加了血清MLT含量(P<0.05);2)在试验第30天,SDPP组血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T⁃SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著升高(P<0.05),丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低(P<0.05),而SIPP组上述指标均无显著变化(P>0.05);在试验第60天,SDPP组和SIPP组血清T⁃SOD、GPx和CAT活性均显著升高(P<0.05),MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05);3)在试验第30天,SDPP显著提高了血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白细胞介素-1β(IL⁃1β)和白细胞介素-2(IL⁃2)含量(P<0.05);在试验第60天,SDPP和SIPP均显著提高了血清IgG含量(P<0.05),此外,SDPP显著提高了血清IL⁃1β、IL⁃2和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF⁃α)含量(P<0.05),而SIPP仅显著提高了血清IL⁃1β含量(P<0.05);4)在基因表达方面,在试验第30天,SDPP显著上调了白细胞中SOD1、GPx1、GPx4、CAT、核转录因子2(Nrf2)、IL⁃1β、和IL⁃2基因相对表达量(P<0.05);在试验第60天,SDPP组白细胞中SOD1、CAT、GPx4、IL⁃1β和IL⁃2基因相对表达量显著提高(P<0.05),SIPP组白细胞中SOD1、GPx1、CAT、IL⁃1β和IL⁃2基因相对表达量显著提高(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,持续短光照能分泌更多的MLT,提高山羊的免疫和抗氧化功能。     

Seasonality and photoperiod influence in vitro production of buffalo embryos

Buffalo is considered short-day breeder in tropical and subtropical part of the world and seasonality and photoperiodism impart major influence on its fertility. However, its impact on in vitro embryo production (IVEP) remains elusive. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of seasonal variations and photoperiodism on morphological and molecular parameters of IVEP in buffalo. For this purpose, we conducted two different experiments on the oocytes obtained by aspirating follicles from abattoir derived ovaries. In Exp. I, retrospective analysis was performed for oocyte recovery, blastocyst and hatching rate, during four consecutive seasonal periods (i.e. January–March, April–June, July–September and October–December). In Exp. II, oocytes from peak breeding and non-breeding seasons were subjected to 24 hr in vitro maturation and evaluated for polar body extrusion to assess maturation rate. Results showed that embryo development was markedly low during second quarter (April–June) and maximum during fourth quarter (October–December) of the year; referred as non-breeding and breeding seasons, respectively. Comparative data analysis demonstrated that poor oocyte quality is major reason for lesser efficiency of embryo production during non-breeding season than peak breeding season as suggested by poor oocyte recovery (2.31 ± 0.10 vs. 3.65 ± 0.27) and maturation rate (33.32 ± 2.1 vs. 63.15 ± 7.31). Subsequently, comparative gene expression analysis of blastocysts during peak breeding season significantly upregulated pluripotency gene (OCT-4) and downregulated heat shock protein 90, as compared to non-breeding season. Therefore, it could be divulged from the present study that seasonal variations and photoperiodism have profound effect on oocyte quality and subsequent embryo development. It is recommended to find suitable additives for in vitro maturation that could mitigate seasonal effects.     

温度和光周期对甜菜夜蛾发育历期和繁殖的影响

本文测试了不同温度(22℃、25℃、28℃)和不同光周期(LD11:13,LD12:12,...,LD15:9)对甜菜夜蛾发育历期和繁殖的影响。结果表明:随着温度升高,甜菜夜蛾卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都呈下降趋势,温度对卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都有显著影响(P=0.000)。随着温度升高,每雌产卵量呈上升趋势,温度对每雌产卵量有显著影响(P=0.004);随着温度升高,雌虫寿命呈下降趋势,温度对雌虫寿命有显著影响(P=0.001);雄虫寿命也呈下降趋势,但温度对雄虫寿命没有显著影响(P=0.289)。在22℃、25℃、28℃条件下,在所有的光周期下,甜菜夜蛾滞育率都为0,没有光周期反应。在22℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期、蛹期存在显著差异(P=0.002,P=0.011),蛹重没有显著差异(P=0.171);在25℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期、蛹期、蛹重都无显著差异(P=0.973,P=0.069,P=0.862);在28℃条件下,不同光周期幼虫期没有显著差异(P=0.207),蛹期、蛹重存在显著差异(P=0.000,P=0.006)。     

QTL analysis of photoperiod sensitivity in common buckwheat by using markers for expressed sequence tags and photoperiod-sensitivity candidate genes

Photoperiod sensitivity is an important trait related to crop adaptation and ecological breeding in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Although photoperiod sensitivity in this species is thought to be controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs), no genes or regions related to photoperiod sensitivity had been identified until now. Here, we identified QTLs controlling photoperiod sensitivity by QTL analysis in a segregating F₄ population (n = 100) derived from a cross of two autogamous lines, 02AL113(Kyukei SC2)LH.self and C0408-0 RP. The F₄ progenies were genotyped with three markers for photoperiod-sensitivity candidate genes, which were identified based on homology to photoperiod-sensitivity genes in Arabidopsis and 76 expressed sequence tag markers. Among the three photoperiod-sensitivity candidate genes (FeCCA1, FeELF3 and FeCOL3) identified in common buckwheat, FeELF3 was associated with photoperiod sensitivity. Two EST regions, Fest_L0606_4 and Fest_L0337_6, were associated with photoperiod sensitivity and explained 20.0% and 14.2% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. For both EST regions, the allele from 02AL113(Kyukei SC2)LH.self led to early flowering. An epistatic interaction was also confirmed between Fest_L0606_4 and Fest_L0337_6. These results demonstrate that photoperiod sensitivity in common buckwheat is controlled by a pathway consisting of photoperiod-sensitivity candidate genes as well as multiple gene action.     

光不敏感型大刍草新种质选育及利用的初步研究

热带类玉米属大刍草(Zea mexicana)为短日植物,在我国北方长日地区不能正常开花结实。本研究初步分析通过系统选育方法选出的光不敏感型大刍草新品种“鲁牧2号”,在长日照地区大田繁种和利用其进行杂交制种的可行性。结果表明,该品种能在长日地区（山东）正常开花结实,开花期在8月上中旬,10月上旬种子成熟。鲜草产量达45 930 kg/hm2,种子产量达1 595.5 kg/hm2,利用该品种作父本杂交制种试验成功率达72.7%。本研究结果说明该种质能够在长日照地区应用,对降低玉米（Z. mays）制种成本、丰富遗传育种资源具有重要意义。     

湖北光敏感核不育水稻育性转换机理初探

用乙烯生物合成抑制剂CoCl_2处理湖北光敏感核不育水稻(HPGMR),可在长日照不育条件下出现可育现象,而在育性转换临界光长下显著促进可育性表达。HPGMR幼穗中乙烯释放量,在长日照下所形成的幼穗比普通农垦58品种高2.5-5倍,而在育性转换临界光长下所形成的幼穗则降低至接近普通农垦58的低水平。表明HPGMR中可能存在受光周期调节的乙烯代谢系统,其育性转换受乙烯代谢水平的调控。     

水稻光温敏核不育系的温敏期研究

以农垦５８Ｓ为基因供体转育的Ｗ６１５４Ｓ，Ｋｓ－９，Ｎ１２Ｓ，Ｎ１５Ｓ，Ｎ１８Ｓ５个籼稻光温敏核不育系，１９９１～１９９３年在广州自然条件下观察了它们的育性变化，对温度诱导其有性转换规律进行了相关，多元回归及通径分析，结果表明：１．不同的不育系，其温敏性越强不育系温敏期越长，同一不育系，日最低温温敏期最长，日均温其次，日最高温最短，２．不同不育系各温度因素对花粉育性的影响不同，有的以日最低温影响最     

光周期对扁豆真叶内源激素及游离氨基酸含量的影响

试验研究了不同光周期诱导对扁豆发育进程的影响，结果表明16h光周期诱导显著延迟了初花期和初荚期，其他处理差异不显著、初花节位随光照处理时数的增加而升高。在整个诱导过程中。SD(8h、10h)处理下真叶内的游离氨基酸含量高于LD(14h、16h)处理下的；赤霉素(GA)，峰出现时间与光处理时间正相关；脱落酸(ABA)峰出现的时问与光处理时数负相关；细胞分裂素(CTK)在各处理中均呈倒“V”形趋势，其含量随光周期处理时数的增加而增加。扁豆光周期诱导过程中，真叶内各激素及同化物参与了成花诱导。SD处理能使扁豆GA形成高峰时间提前，使ABA高峰延后，而LD处理则正相反。LD处理使CTK含量高于SD处理。GA、CTK与ABA是所有影响扁豆成花的激素中起主要作用的激素。推测：相对短日植物扁豆的成花信号中多种内源激素和游离氨基酸共同起重要作用，它可能是数量性状，当这一信号高峰出现并达到一定量时，引起成花反应，进而导致花的开放。