Effects of Farm Yard Manure and Lime on Cadmium Uptake by Rice Grown in Two Contaminated Soils of Chittagong

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of farm yard manure （FYM） and lime （calcium carbonate） on reducing the uptake of Cd by rice in two Cd contaminated soils of Chittagong. The effects of farm yard manure, lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime （FYM ＋ Lime） on rice （Oryza sativa L.） growth, Cd uptake by rice and 0.1 N HC1 extractable Cd in soil were investigated. Results showed that addition of lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime significantly decreased 0.1 N HCl extractable Cd in the city sewage soil. Application of farm yard manure significantly decreased Cd concentration in rice in the city sewage soil. Lime and farm yard manure mixed with lime significantly reduced Cd concentration in rice m both the contaminated soils. Lime was more efficient than farm yard manure in reducing the uptake of Cd by rice.     

Experimental study on eccentric compression behaviour of autoclaved flyash lime brick masonry

To study the eccentric compression performance of autoclaved flyash lime brick masonry, and validate the applicability of current code’s calculation method, static tests on 36 eccentrically loaded puncheons of standard autoclaved flyash lime solid brick and KP1 type perforated brick with circular holes masonry are carried out by applying eccentric load on the top of the specimens. The bearing capacity of eccentric compression is analyzed using plane section assumption and ideal stress/strain curve. The features and shapes during the process of failure are obtained and the eccentric compression impact factor formula is also obtained by regression analysis of experimental data. With eccentricity increasing, cracking load and failure load are gradually decreased, and the failure features gradually change into large eccentric compression from axial compression. Most test values of bearing capacity under eccentric compression are higher than code calculating values. The average strain distribution in the section is in accordance with the plane section assumption. The theoretical analysis method used is feasible, current code’s formula can be used to calculate the bearing capacity of flyash lime brick masonry under eccentric compression.     

A Study on Plaster of Paris Made from Phosphogypsum

This paper deals with the purification of phosphogypsum by some processing such as washing with water, washing with lime milk, neutralization with lime and so on. It also covers the way to make plaster of Paris having good properties without washing. The result shows that the process of neutralization with lime is simple and the treated phosphogypsum can be used to produce the first grade of plaster.     

正反螺旋式土壤改良石灰播撒机设计与试验

为了提高石灰播撒的效率和精准控制播撒量,研制了正反螺旋式石灰播撒机,并与旋耕机组合成一体机,采用复合作业方式。该文论述了正反螺旋式石灰播撒机的结构和工作原理、灰量调节机构原理和调节方法,并对播撒机的出灰口尺寸和播撒辊的转速进行了试验设计,计算了播撒机的总功率;最后将石灰播撒旋耕机一体机在冬天的稻田进行石灰播撒-旋耕组合的田间试验。结果表明:当石灰播撒-旋耕一体机前进速度平均为5 km/h,播撒辊转速为80 r/min,调节机构档位处于最大播撒量的13档时,满足第1年的播撒量要求;当档位分别位于12档(或10档)和7档时,播撒量分别满足第2年和第3年的播撒量要求。该研究为改善农业作业条件、降低劳动力成本、提高石灰播撒效率提供了参考。     

深耕改善砂姜黑土理化性状提高小麦产量

为探明砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式,进一步挖掘砂姜黑土生产潜力,发挥地域资源优势,以周麦27为试验材料,在大田条件下设置免耕、旋耕(15 cm)、深耕(30 cm)3种耕作方式,研究了耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤容重、有机碳含量、无机氮含量以及小麦籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,在小麦苗期和成熟期,3种耕作方式处理间0~10 cm土层土壤容重差异不显著(P0.05),但深耕处理显著降低10~30 cm土层土壤容重(P0.05)。在小麦苗期、越冬期、拔节期、开花期和成熟期,3种耕作方式对0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量的影响规律不明显,但深耕处理明显增加20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳含量;20~40 cm土层土壤铵态氮含量均为深耕旋耕免耕。与免耕处理相比,深耕处理通过增加小麦穗粒数和千粒质量,最终促使籽粒产量增加16.33%。综上所述,在该试验条件下,在秸秆还田的基础上,小麦季30 cm深耕处理可以降低土壤容重,增加土壤有机碳含量,进而提高小麦籽粒产量,可作为砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式。     

石灰用量对污染红壤和黄泥土中有效态铜锌含量的影响

采用外源加入重金属铜锌硝酸盐的方法,制成铜、锌单一及复合污染的三级污染红壤和黄泥土（Cu 200mg/kg、Zn 400 mg/kg）,稳定一个月,施入低（0.50 g/kg）、中（1.50 g/kg）和高（2.50 g/kg）3种不同用量的石灰,稳定两个月后测定土壤有效态铜、锌含量和pH值,以阐明石灰用量对不同污染土壤中重金属有效态含量的影响。结果表明,随石灰用量的增加,复合污染红壤中有效态铜含量较对照依次降低31%、76%和87%;而石灰用量对黄泥土中有效态铜影响的差异不显著;两种土壤中有效态锌含量均随石灰用量的增加而显著减少;复合污染较单一污染相比,有效态铜及有效态锌的含量差异不显著。在复合污染下,低、中量石灰使黄泥土中有效态铜含量较红壤减少89%和63%,有效态锌减少27%和65%。但加入高量石灰,两种土壤差异不显著。石灰能够降低单一与复合污染铜、锌有效态的含量,但其效果因土壤类型而异,在红壤上选择施用高量石灰而在黄泥土上则适宜施用低中量石灰,以取得最佳的修复效果和效益。     

Availability of Cadmium in some Phosphorus Fertilizers to Field-Grown Lettuce

Although evaluations of the availability of cadmium (Cd) contaminants in phosphate fertilizers have been made, few have examined the transfer efficiency of Cd from fertilizers to plants, especially under field conditions. This 2-year field study determined the transfer of added Cd to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) (Royal Green) from a western phosphate rock (PR) and a triple superphosphate (TSP) as affected by liming and rate of fertilizer (or Cd) input. A readily soluble Cd salt, CdCl₂, was included in the study for comparison. The cumulative amounts of Cd added from the fertilizers and CdCl₂ over the 2-year period ranged from 0 to 1440 g ha^–1. Lettuce yield increased with increasing TSP rates, but was unaffected by PR. Significant (P < 0.01) effects of Cd source and rate, lime, and year were found on Cd accumulation by lettuce. The transfer of the added Cd was consistently higher for CdCl₂ than for the fertilizers regardless of lime rate. A contrasting year effect was also found between the two P fertilizers. In the second year of application, the Cd transfer efficiency increased in the soil treated with the PR, but decreased in the soil treated with the TSP. The Cd transfer efficiency for the plant was better measured with DTPA–Cd (r ²= 0.78 – 0.80) or CaCl₂–Cd (r ²= 0.57 – 0.76) than with soil total Cd (r ²= 0.39 to 0.54) across all Cd sources and lime rates. This is because DTPA–Cd or CaCl₂–Cd reflected the influences of the amount of Cd added, Cd source, and lime rate on Cd accumulation by the plant better than did the soil total Cd. Of the amount of Cd added from the fertilizers an average of 1.0% or less was accumulated in the harvested lettuce tissue. Applications of the fertilizers at high rates could result in increased Cd accumulation in the soil over time.     

河南省砂姜黑土土类和土属的数字制图研究

数字制图是近年来土壤学的研究热点,而将数字制图与砂姜黑土研究相结合,目前国内研究甚少。选取河南省为研究区,获取该区的气候、母质和地形信息,以土壤—景观定量模型,定量获取砂姜黑土土类属性与主要成土要素之间的相互关系,应用该模型来预测土类分布并制图。在土类图的基础上,根据土属高程分布差异,进一步预测土属分布并制图。结果表明,该方法在土类数字制图尺度上与调查结果重合度可达到80%以上,并且可弥补调查缺失地方,同时间接证明砂姜黑土的成土母质为石灰性母质,其差异部分表明人为、地表径流因素对砂姜黑土土类的分布具有重要的影响。在土属数字制图尺度上,与调查结果面积数量和分布趋势大体一致,具体空间分布难于比较,有待于景观模型进一步细化,还需更详细的地形和气候资料,这些可为砂姜黑土数字制图的下一步研究和完善提供指导。     

石灰和有机质对不同性质镉污染土壤中镉有效性的影响

通过土培试验研究了添加不同改良剂(鸡粪、泥炭和石灰)对我国不同性质土壤(云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土)镉污染的改良差异。结果表明,不同改良剂0～60 d内对四种镉污染土壤的改良效果均较为显著。鸡粪对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为37.0%、52.7%、29.3%和49.6%,显示鸡粪对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是江西红壤≈内蒙栗钙土云南赤红壤吉林黑土;泥炭对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为33.1%、51.7%、30.5%和51.2%,显示泥炭对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是江西红壤≈内蒙栗钙土吉林黑土≈云南赤红壤;石灰对云南赤红壤、江西红壤、吉林黑土和内蒙栗钙土镉污染的固定率分别为60.7%、55.5%、40.7%、41.7%,显示石灰对这四种不同性质镉污染土壤的改良效果是云南赤红壤江西红壤吉林黑土≈内蒙栗钙土。综上可知,在对镉污染的酸性土壤改良上,石灰好于有机质,而对镉污染的中性和碱性土壤改良上,有机质则好于石灰。     

砂姜黑土区氮肥基追比对不同小麦品种产量和品质的影响

为了确定豫西南砂姜黑土区小麦的最佳氮肥基追比,以强筋小麦郑麦7698和弱筋小麦偃展4110为试验材料,研究了豫西南砂姜黑土区氮肥基追比(0∶10、2∶8、4∶6、6∶4、8∶2、10∶0)对不同筋度小麦产量和品质的影响.结果表明,在砂姜黑土区,氮肥基追比对不同筋度小麦产量和品质有较大影响,随着氮肥基追比的增加,2个小麦品种的产量及品质总体上均先增加后降低.强筋小麦郑麦7698和弱筋小麦偃展4110分别在基追比4∶6、6∶4时产量最高、品质最优;此时两品种产量分别为7 274.0、7 230.5 kg/hm2,小麦产量的提高主要得益于有效穗数的增加.在豫西南砂姜黑土区,建议强筋小麦以基追比4∶6、弱筋小麦以6∶4施氮方式为优.