菊芋中菊粉提取工艺优化研究

以菊芋为原料,采用热水浸提法提取菊粉,在提取温度、时间、料液比、pH值和提取次数等单因素试验的基础上,采用均匀设计对热水提取菊粉的工艺参数进行优选,并进行了验证试验.结果表明,在提取温度68℃,提取时间70 min,料液比1∶21,提取次数2次的条件下,菊粉提取率可达到16.04%.     

一株黑曲霉菌株所产菊粉酶的酶学性质

对筛选得到的一株黑曲霉菌株(Aspergillus,niger inu-8)所产菊粉酶的酶学性质进行了研究.结果表明,菊粉酶的最适作用温度为45～55℃,在30～60℃范围内该酶能保持较高的活性,但超过60℃后其活性迅速下降;在80℃水浴下处理0.5 h,酶活性丧失80%;该酶的适宜pH值相对偏酸,在pH值4.0～6.0时有很好的稳定性,在pH值5.0时表现为一个活性高峰;Ca2+对该酶具有明显激活作用,Hg2+和EDTA(乙二胺四乙酸)是该酶的强烈抑制剂;菊粉酶可水解菊粉但不水解棉子糖,对蔗糖酶的活性较低,I/S为52,对菊粉的米氏常数Km为0.34 mol·L-1,最大反应速度Vmax为0.53 mg·L-1·min-1.     

Effect of dietary prebiotic inulin on histology,immuno‐haematological and biochemical parameters of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer)

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of supplementation of inulin on histology, immuno‐haematological and biochemical parameters of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) fingerlings with an initial average body weight of 7.14 ± 0.05 g. Inulin was supplemented at four different concentrations (control) 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg in the L. calcarifer diet containing 400 g/kg protein and 90 g/kg lipid. At the end of the 60 days feeding trial, the absorptive surface area of the intestine and glycogen deposition in liver were increased in fish fed inulin supplemented diets. The immune parameters lysozyme, alternative complement pathway, superoxide dismutase and nitroblue tetrazolium assay showed significant (p < 0.05) difference between control and treatment groups. Haematological parameters showed that red blood cells, white blood cells, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the fish fed with inulin supplemented diets. The analysis of biochemical parameters revealed that glucose, urea, cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between control and treatments groups. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed for total protein among different treatments. The results of the study revealed that 15–20 g/kg inulin supplementation has a beneficial effect in the histology, immuno‐haematological, and biochemical parameters in L. calcarifer juveniles.     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Impact of inulin and a multispecies probiotic formulation on performance,microbial ecology and concomitant fermentation patterns in newly weaned piglets

The effect of inulin and a multispecies probiotic formulation on performance and microbial parameters in a 28 days feeding trial with newly weaned piglets was assessed. Forty‐eight piglets were allocated to a 2 × 2 factorial experiment involving two levels of inulin supplementation (0% or 0.4%) and two levels of probiotics (0 or 1 × 10⁹ CFU/kg as fed, comprising enterococci, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria). In digesta samples obtained at slaughter (stomach, jejunum, ileum and colon), selected bacterial groups were enumerated and lactic acid, short chain fatty acids and ammonia concentrations analysed. The overall performance of piglets was unaffected by treatment. Inulin increased total aerobes in stomach and jejunum (p < 0.05), whereas enterococci declined in colon of the inulin group (p < 0.05). Furthermore decreasing colonic acetic acid (p < 0.01) and increasing lactic acid (p < 0.05) was observed for inulin. Probiotics increased total aerobes (p < 0.05) and enterococci (p < 0.01) in ileum and lactobacilli (p < 0.05), enterococci and gram‐negative anaerobes (p < 0.01) in colon. Moreover, dry matter content in stomach and colon was lower and acetic acid in colon increased (p < 0.05). A decrease in ileal pH value was noted symbiotically for both additives. However, several parameters showed no synbiotic, but distinct individual effects of inulin and probiotics. Effects occurred along the entire gastrointestinal tract without restriction to the colon.     

菊苣提取物对蛋鸡鸡蛋胆固醇、肠道菌群和生产性能的影响

本文旨在研究菊苣提取物对蛋鸡生产性能、鸡蛋品质、肠道菌群、血清胆同醇和卵黄胆同醇的影响.300只尼克红蛋鸡随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只,各组日粮中分别添加0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的菊苣提取物和1.0%的菊粉,试验进行4周.结果表明:与对照相比,不同水平的菊苣提取物或菊粉对蛋鸡产蛋率、蛋重、采食量、料蛋比、破蛋率、蛋黄重、蛋壳厚度和哈氏单位没有显著影响(P>0.05),但能显著降低鸡蛋胆固醇浓度(mg/g蛋黄)和含量(mg/蛋黄)(P<0.05),1.5%菊苣提取物添加组的动脉粥样硬化指数显著降低(P<0.05);日粮添加菊苣提取物或菊粉显著降低蛋鸡盲肠大肠杆菌数量和pH(P<0.05),1.5%菊苣提取物添加组和菊粉添加组显著增加盲肠双歧杆菌数量(P<0.05);鸡蛋胆固醇含量和盲肠大肠杆菌数量随菊苣提取物添加水平的增加线性降低(r=-0.957和r=-0.977)(P<0.05).结论:本试验在蛋鸡日粮中添加菊苣提取物或菊粉能显著降低鸡蛋胆固醇和盲肠有害菌(大肠杆菌)的数量,且不影响蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质.故在蛋鸡日粮中添加菊苣提取物或菊粉可为生产低胆同醇鸡蛋提供一条途径.     

菊糖的提取、澄清与精制

以菊芋干粉为原料,对菊糖的提取工艺进行了研究.结果表明,在温度为80℃、固液质量比为1∶22的情况下,浸提50min,菊糖得率可达53.8%(以菊芋干粉计).用熟石灰-磷酸澄清除杂,调节pH值为13,温度80℃,保温15 min,总糖和菊糖的损失较小,除杂较为彻底.用活性炭进行脱色精制处理,其用量为3%(以提取液计),pH值7.0,温度80℃,保温15 min,透光率可达93%以上,多糖含量为98.92%,最终菊糖得率42.3%.     

The effect of dietary inulin on aerobic bacteria associated with hindgut of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.)

The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate the population level of adherent (autochthonous) aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria in the hindgut of healthy Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) fed dextrin or inulin. This was assessed by the dilution plate technique, and visualized using both transmission and scanning electron microscopy. A population level of 4.8 × 10⁵ adherent bacteria per gram wet mass was found in the hindgut of fish fed a casein‐based diet supplemented with 15% dextrin. However, substituting dextrin with 15% inulin reduced the bacterial population level in the hindgut (3.56 × 10⁴). A total of 217 bacterial isolates were identified by key phenotypical and biochemical characteristics. In addition, 22 strains were also identified by partial sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The composition of bacteria colonizing the hindgut of Arctic charr fed dextrin was dominated by the genera Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Psychrobacter glacincola and Streptococcus. However, bacteria colonizing the hindgut of fish fed inulin were dominated by Gram‐positive bacteria of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Carnobacterium and Bacillus. While Carnobacterium divergens‐like strains were isolated from charr fed dextrin, Carnobacterium maltaromicus‐like strains were isolated from the hindgut of fish fed inulin. Electron microscopical analysis of hindgut regions confirmed traditional culture‐based microbial analysis as fewer bacterial cells were observed between microvilli and associated with the surfaces of enterocytes of fish fed inulin rather than dextrin.     

牛蒡菊糖生理功能研究进展

牛蒡菊糖为低聚果糖,属于水溶性膳食纤维,在牛蒡的根部含量丰富。文中主要对牛蒡菊糖清除自由基、调节肠道平衡、增强免疫力、抗疲劳、降血脂、预防酒精损伤和抑制癌细胞等生理功能的研究进展进行综述,但关于其在预防糖尿病、促进矿物质吸收以及食品开发领域的应用有待更深入的研究。     

超声波辅助法提取菊芋菊糖的最佳工艺

采用超声波辅助热水浸提法提取菊芋中的菊糖.结果表明,相比于热水浸提法,采用超声波辅助法可以将菊糖的提取率提高28.73％,效果显著.通过单因素试验和正交试验得到最佳提取条件为超声波输出功率112W、超声波提取时间25 min、料液比1∶15,水浴提取温度100℃.在此条件下菊糖的提取率可达到70.05％.影响因素从大到小依次为:水浴提取温度＞超声波输出功率＞料液比＞超声波提取时间.     

菊芋菊糖脱色工艺的优化

研究了5种树脂对菊芋(Jerusalem artichoke)菊糖溶液中色素脱除效果,通过单因素试验和正交试验对其脱色条件进行优化.结果表明,采用树脂D3520,在pH 6、40℃下,菊芋菊糖溶液的脱色率可达到80.51％,菊糖保留率为70.49％,树脂对菊芋菊糖中色素的吸附为单分子吸附,符合Langmuir吸附等温式,其吸附动力学符合扩散方程.