淀粉/木粉复合材料的制备与性能研究

以淀粉和木粉为原料,甘油为增塑剂,通过挤出成型制备淀粉/木粉可生物降解复合材料,重点研究淀粉/木粉混合比例对复合材料性能的影响。采用扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）和热重分析（TGA）对复合材料进行表征,并对复合材料的力学性能和吸水性能进行测试。实验结果表明：木粉的加入破坏热塑性淀粉的连续性,使复合材料的结晶度增大。复合材料的拉伸强度、吸水率和吸水厚度膨胀率随着木粉比例增大逐渐增大,断裂伸长率却逐渐降低。TGA测试结果表明,随着木粉加入比例增大,复合材料的热分解起始温度逐渐降低,但热分解的终止温度逐渐升高,淀粉和木粉两相依赖性逐渐减弱。     

可降解地膜覆盖和有机无机氮肥配施对胡麻干物质和产量的影响

通过田间定位试验,研究了不覆膜、普通地膜和0.008、0.010、0.012 mm厚度的可降解地膜以及不施氮、单施化学氮肥(120 kg·hm~(-2))、化学氮肥与有机氮肥配施(120 kg·hm~(-2),2/3化学氮肥,1/3有机氮肥)对胡麻干物质积累、籽粒灌浆以及经济产量的影响。结果表明,可降解地膜和普通地膜覆盖胡麻生育期的差异较小(≤2 d),0.012 mm可降解地膜对生育进程的影响最接近普通地膜。普通地膜对干物质积累的促进作用较可降解膜提高了12.88%～160.22%;0.012 mm可降解地膜对胡麻生长的促进作用更接近于普通地膜,其干物质量较普通膜的降幅(11.41%～27.92%)低于其余2种降解膜(16.55%～61.57%);0.012 mm的可降解膜与普通地膜灌浆速率无显著差异。有机无机氮肥配施较单施化肥对胡麻生长的促进作用显著,营养生长阶段中后期的干物质积累量增加了11.69%～16.44%,但对灌浆速率的提升作用较单施化肥小。3种可降解地膜具有与普通地膜同等的增产作用,覆膜后平均增产19.18%;施氮提高了籽粒产量,有机无机氮肥配施和单施化肥间无显著差异。覆膜和施肥仅对干物质积累具有显著的交互作用。试区胡麻生产上可用0.012 mm的可降解地膜代替普通地膜。     

Elution of antimicrobials from a cross‐linked dextran gel: In vivo Quantification

Reasons for performing study: Use of a novel, biodegradable, antimicrobial‐impregnated gel provides an alternative method of local treatment of infections in horses. Objectives: To determine in vivo elution of antimicrobial medications from antimicrobial‐impregnated cross‐linked dextran gel and to evaluate the effect on wound healing when implanted subcutaneously in horses. Methods: Amikacin‐, vancomycin‐ or amikacin/clindamycin‐impregnated gel was placed subcutaneously in 11 horses' necks, using 6 replicates with a 3 month washout between experiments. Capillary ultrafiltration probes for collection of interstitial fluid were placed 0 cm and 1.5 cm from the gel‐filled incisions. Samples were collected at 0, 4, 8 and 12 h, and on Days 1–10. Blood was collected on Days 0, 1 and 7. Amikacin and vancomycin samples were analysed via fluorescence polarisation immunoassay, and clindamycin samples via high‐performance liquid chromatography. Histology of biopsy samples was performed at the completion of the study. Differences in mean histomorphological scores between groups were assessed using Wilcoxon's signed ranks test. Results: Maximum antimicrobial concentrations were detected at 4 h (amikacin), and 8 h (vancomycin, and amikacin and clindamycin from the combination gel). Mean ± s.d. peak concentrations for amikacin, vancomycin, amikacin (amikacin/clindamycin) and clindamycin were 6133 ± 1461, 7286 ± 2769, 3948 ± 317 and 985 ± 960, respectively. Median number of days for which antimicrobial concentration remained above minimum inhibitory concentration for target microorganisms at implantation was ≥10 days for vancomycin, 9 days (± 1) for amikacin and 8 days (± 1) for clindamycin. Mean plasma amikacin and vancomycin concentrations were lower than detectable limits; mean serum clindamycin concentrations were 0.52 µg/ml and 0.63 µg/ml at 24 h and 7 days, respectively. There were no significant differences in histomorphological scores between treatment and control incisions (P≥0.22). Conclusions and potential relevance: Cross‐linked dextran gel is a safe, effective alternative local antimicrobial delivery method.     

PBAT型全生物降解地膜对南疆棉花和玉米产量及土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯(PBAT)材料的全生物降解地膜的降解过程和对作物产量及土壤环境的影响,以PBAT型全生物降解地膜和普通聚乙烯塑料(PE)地膜为处理,在南疆四地州主要棉区和玉米种植区,开展降解地膜大面积应用试验与示范,系统分析了降解地膜的降解性能以及对作物产量、土壤温湿度和土壤养分的影响。结果表明:降解地膜的降解过程为先出现裂纹,然后出现孔洞,最后破碎成小块,中间伴随着地膜变薄、变脆。巴州棉花降解地膜出现碎裂期的时间较阿克苏提前4 d,喀什玉米出现大裂期的时间较和田地区提前7 d;但同一作物不同地区之间降解时间差异均不显著(P0.05)。降解地膜降解处于诱导期之前,除巴州棉花降解地膜膜下5 cm的平均土温低于PE地膜外,四地州棉花和玉米降解地膜膜下5 cm和10 cm的土壤温湿度均高于PE地膜,但两种地膜的土壤温湿度差异均不显著(P0.05)。同一地区,降解地膜覆盖下作物收获期和播种前土壤养分略有不同,但差异不显著(P0.05)。巴州和阿克苏地区降解地膜覆盖下的棉花产量分别较PE地膜提高8.33%和6.48%,喀什与和田地区玉米分别较PE地膜提高3.67%和14.97%,但两种地膜的作物产量差异均不显著(P0.05)。降解地膜降解性能良好,对土壤水分和温度及作物产量的影响与PE地膜相当,以PBAT型全生物降解地膜代替PE地膜应用于南疆农业生产具有可行性,对作物和土壤环境无显著影响。     

PBAT型全生物降解膜对南疆番茄产量及土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二酯（PBAT）材料的全生物降解地膜的降解过程及其对番茄产量和土壤环境的影响,采用田间试验的方法,在南疆对比分析了PBAT型全生物降解地膜（降解膜）和普通聚乙烯地膜（CK）的降解性能及其对土壤温湿度、土壤养分及番茄产量的影响。结果表明,降解膜的降解过程为先出现裂纹,然后裂纹变长,覆膜100 d左右50%膜面无肉眼可见地膜。6-7月降解膜降解率较小,介于4.92%~17.99%,8月较大,为63.03%;而CK在整个生育期未出现降解。降解膜处理的番茄产量较CK减少941.67 kg·hm^-2,减产率2.60%,但处理间产量差异不显著。整个生育期,降解膜膜下5、15 cm和25 cm土层平均土温分别较CK低0.73、0.60℃和0.54℃,处理间无显著差异（P>0.05）;膜下5 cm和25 cm土层降解膜处理平均土壤含水率分别较CK高2.84个百分点和3.54个百分点,而膜下15 cm土层较CK低13.15个百分点,处理间无显著差异（P>0.05）。0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层,番茄生育期两处理的土壤养分差异均不显著。研究表明,降解膜降解性能良好,对番茄产量和土壤养分等指标的影响与CK相当,以降解膜代替普通地膜应用于番茄生产具有一定可行性。     

全生物降解地膜对渭北台塬土壤水热和作物经济效益的影响

为研究不同地膜覆盖对渭北台塬土壤水热环境及作物经济效益的影响,以甘薯品种‘济薯26’作为试验材料,通过设置全生物降解黑色地膜(M1)、全生物降解透明地膜(M2)和普通聚乙烯透明地膜(M3) 3个处理,研究不同处理对甘薯全生育期土壤温度、土壤湿度和甘薯产后经济收益的影响。结果表明：在甘薯生长前期,M2和M3处理下土壤温度高于M1,随着甘薯生长时间增加,M3处理下土壤温度高于M1和M2处理。甘薯全生育期,M3处理下土壤温度平均值较M1和M2处理分别高0.19℃和0.51℃。覆膜处理对土壤温度和水分的影响效果随土层深度增加而逐渐减弱。甘薯全生育期,M1和M2处理下土壤水分较M3处理分别降低0.67%和2.23%。M2处理下甘薯产量、商品率和总收入最高,其投入产出比最低,经济效益最佳。综上所述,考虑到地膜覆盖栽培技术长期应用对农田生态环境和耕地土壤质量的影响,结合不同地膜覆盖对增温、保墒和投入产出比的影响,全生物降解地膜有利于农业生态系统的可持续发展,以M2处理经济效益最佳,适宜在该地区持续应用。     

不同微塑料对水稻土性质、镉有效性及其形态的影响

土壤中重金属与微塑料（MPs）复合污染越来越普遍,然而关于MPs对土壤中重金属的有效性和形态的影响及其机制尚不清楚。本文以镉（Cd）污染水稻土为研究对象,通过土培试验探究不同MPs类型[聚乙烯微塑料（PE-MPs）、聚己二酸-对苯二甲酸丁二酯微塑料（PBAT-MPs）]及不同添加量（0.5%、1%、2%,m/m）对土壤理化性质和酶活性的影响,并分析MPs对土壤Cd有效性及形态的影响及其机制。结果表明,1%、2% PBAT-MPs处理能显著提高土壤pH、溶解性有机碳（DOC）含量、铵态氮含量、脲酶活性、脱氢酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性,并显著降低总溶解性氮（TDN）、硝态氮和速效磷含量;而PE-MPs处理降低了土壤DOC含量,增加了土壤TDN含量。可见,PBAT-MPs对土壤理化性质及酶活性的影响比PE-MPs更显著。PE-MPs和PBAT-MPs均能显著降低CaCl₂-Cd含量,分别降低了4.6%~8.7%和4.3%~22.4%。与空白相比,0.5%、1%和2% PE-MPs处理下酸溶态Cd占比增加了1.0%~1.8%,可氧化态Cd占比降低了1.0%~1.3%; 1%和2% PBAT-MPs处理下酸溶态Cd占比分别增加了6.6%和9.5%,同时可还原态Cd分别降低了6.6%和9.2%。这表明两种MPs均能影响Cd生物有效性及形态。冗余分析显示,土壤DOC与酸溶态Cd呈显著正相关,与可还原态Cd呈显著负相关;土壤pH与酸溶态Cd呈显著正相关,表明MPs可通过影响DOC、pH来改变土壤中Cd形态。研究表明,两种MPs均能影响Cd污染水稻土的理化性质及Cd形态,且PBAT-MPs对土壤的影响更显著,对土壤中Cd的活化作用更强。     

基于文献计量分析中国全生物降解地膜研究发展态势

为深入了解全生物降解地膜研究的发展现状、研究热点和趋势,整理并筛选了1990—2022-08CNKI数据库、万方数据库和Web of Science核心合集收录的全生物降解地膜的论文,采用文献计量学方法,结合Citespace对该领域发文量、主要发文机构和试验省份、试验作物和高引文献等进行了可视化分析。结果表明:该领域发文量呈上升趋势,2011年后发文量迅速增长;从发文机构来看,西北农林科技大学、中国农业科学院和石河子大学为主要的研究机构,在该领域发文量最高;主要试验省份集中在西北地区,涉及试验作物包括马铃薯、棉花和花生等;研究趋势主要集中在全生物降解地膜本身降解性能和对作物产量、土壤水分、水分利用率影响及其应用效果等方面。鉴于全生物降解地膜在不同地区的使用效果不同,不同配方的全生物降解地膜对作物产量影响不同,未来研究热点应是全生物降解地膜替代普通地膜进行农田应用以及不同颜色、厚度和成分的全生物降解地膜对增温保墒除草的影响。     

Influence of earthworm culture on fertilization potential and biological activities of vermicomposts prepared from different plant wastes

The present investigation was aimed to analyze influence of earthworm culture on nutritive status, microbial population, and enzymatic activities of composts prepared by utilizing different plant wastes. Vermicomposts were prepared from different types of leaves litter of horticulture and forest plant species by modified vermicomposting process at a farm unit. Initial thermophilic decomposition of waste load using cow‐dung slurry was done in the separate beds. The culture of Eisenia fetida was used for vermicomposting in specially designed vermibeds at the farm unit. The physico‐chemical characteristics, enzyme activities (oxido‐reductases and hydrolases), and microbial population (bacteria, fungi, free‐living nitrogen‐fixing bacteria, actinomycetes, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria and fungi) of vermicomposts were found significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of control (without earthworm inoculum). The study quantified significant contributions of earthworm culture to physico‐chemical, enzymatic, and microbiological properties of vermicompost and confirmed superior fertilization potential of vermicompost for organic farming. The agronomic utility of vermicompost was assessed on yellow mustard plant in a pot experiment. Pot soil was amended with different ratios (5%, 10%, 20%) of vermicompost and normal compost (without earthworm inoculum). Effects of these amendments on the growth of Brassica comprestis L. were studied. The significant differences (p < 0.05) in the growth of plant were observed among vermicompost‐, compost‐amended soil, and control. Vermicompost increased the root and shoot lengths, numbers of branches and leaves per plant, fresh and dry weights per plant, numbers of pods and flowers, and biochemical properties of plant leaf significantly, especially in 20% amendment. These results proved better fertilization potential of vermicompost over non‐earthworm‐inoculated compost.     

固体碳源填充床反应器反硝化性能的研究

为了优化固体碳源填充床反应器的运行条件,以PLA/PHBV颗粒为碳源和生物膜载体,研究了水力负荷与硝态氮负荷对反应器反硝化性能的影响,并用扫描电镜观察碳源表面生物膜的形态。结果表明,在进水硝态氮浓度为100mg·L-1,水力负荷为1.71～8.39m3·m-2·d-1时,反硝化速率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,最大值为40.53mg·L-1·h-1;随着水力负荷的提高,出水硝态氮浓度逐渐增加,而COD浓度逐渐降低;维持水力负荷在3.54m3·m-2·d-1以下,可保证反应器的出水满足我国饮用水标准对硝态氮与亚硝态氮浓度的要求;维持水力负荷为5.30m3·m-2·d-1,反应器的反硝化速率与进水硝态氮负荷线性相关(R2=0.937),而硝态氮负荷对出水的COD浓度未发生明显影响;维持进水硝态氮负荷不高于0.16kg·m-2·d-1,可保证反应器出水的硝态氮与亚硝态氮浓度满足国家标准。通过扫描电镜照片可以看出,PLA/PHBV颗粒表面的生物膜以球菌和杆菌为主,成簇定植在碳源颗粒表面。