Effects of conditioning time and sodium bentonite on pellet quality,growth performance,intestinal morphology and nutrient retention in finisher broilers

1. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of steam-conditioning time and different levels of processed sodium bentonite (PSB) on pellet quality, growth performance, intestinal development and morphology, and nutrient digestibilities in broilers during finisher period (d 24–45).

2. A total of 810 male chicks were reared in commercial conditions on floor pens till d 24. Then, birds were weighed and used in a completely randomised design experiment with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement, including three levels of conditioning times (0, 2 and 4 min) and three PSB levels (0, 7.5 and 15 g/kg diet). Each of the 9 diets fed to 6 replicates group of 15 birds each.

3. The results showed that 2-min steam conditioning and 15 g/kg PSB supplementation significantly increased pellet durability index (PDI) and hardness, and decreased electrical consumption of pelleting. Diets had no significant effects on body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Although dietary treatments did not influence relative weight and length of three segments of small intestine, 2-min steam conditioning significantly improved villus height (VH) and crypt depth. Steam conditioning of diet for 2 min significantly increased apparent metabolisable energy (AME), ether extract (EE), calcium (Ca) and dry matter (DM) retention in birds measured during 38–42 d of age.

4. It could be concluded that 2-min steam conditioning improved PDI and hardness, VH and nutrient retention (AME, EE, Ca and DM), but did not affect growth performance in broilers during finisher period.     

有机改性膨润土对乙草胺的吸附与控制释放作用

首次尝试将十六烷基三甲基铵盐阳离子改性的有机膨润土(CTMAB-Bents)用作乙草胺的吸附剂和控制释放载体。结果表明,与原土(Na-Bent)相比,CTMAB-Bents对乙草胺的吸附能力提高3~5倍,且吸附能力与改性膨润土所用CTMAB量成正相关。吸附等温曲线符合Freundlich经验方程,相关系数R>0.99,吸附能力主要取决于乙草胺在水和有机膨润土间的分配作用。与Na-Bent相比,CTMAB-Bents可以显著抑制乙草胺的释放速率,对乙草胺的半数释放时间(t50)介于20CTMAB-Bent制剂的6.57 h与100CTMAB-Bent制剂的19.0 h之间,并随改性膨润土对乙草胺吸附能力的提高而延长。释放动力学曲线符合Ritger和Peppas方程,n值(0.429~0.618)接近Fickian扩散模型,说明乙草胺在有机膨润土中的释放主要受到扩散控制。     

铁铝柱撑膨润土组成特征及其磷吸附性能研究

利用天然膨润土合成了铁柱撑膨润土（Fe1-Mt、Fe10-M）t、羟基铁膨润土（FeOx-M）t、羟基铝膨润土（AlOx-M）t和羟基铝铁膨润土复合体（AlFe-M）t,对其化学组成和矿物组成等特征进行分析,比较了5种不同铁铝柱撑膨润土对磷污染水体的吸附净化性能,并通过等温吸附试验探讨了柱撑膨润土对磷的吸附机制。结果发现,不同铁铝柱撑均可以增加天然膨润土的层间距,其中以羟基铝铁膨润土复合体的层间距增加最明显,与原土相比增加约为2倍。5种不同铁铝柱撑均能显著增强膨润土对磷污染水体的吸附净化能力,其中以FeOx-Mt的理论磷吸附容量最大,为12.03mg.g-1,其次为Fe10-Mt、AlFe-Mt和AlOx-Mt,吸附等温曲线同时符合Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程,均达显著水平。结果表明,除膨润土层间距外,不同铁铝柱撑膨润土的磷吸附能力主要与铁铝氧化物的含量及铁的存在形态相关。     

羟基铁铝柱撑膨润土处理皂素废水的试验研究

以OH-Fe-Al为柱化剂制备了OH-Fe-Al柱撑膨润土,研究其对陕南某皂素生产企业废水中化学耗氧量(CODcr)和色度的去除性能.试验结果表明,OH-Fe-Al柱撑膨润土对废水中CODCr和色度都有很好的去除效果.通过正交试验确定了最佳反应条件为:OH-Fe-Al柱撑膨润土投加量为20 g/L、pH 7.0、搅拌时间30 min,废水中CODCr去除率为79.4％,色度去除率为86.5％.     

聚乙二醇/蒙脱石插层复合物的制备及结构表征

通过X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和差热分析表征聚乙二醇(PEG)／蒙脱石复合物的结构结果表明,PEG以单层或双层平卧于蒙脱石层间;PEG通过转换部分层间水进入蒙脱石层间通道内;大分子量的PEG与蒙脱石层间表面有更强的相互作用．     

日粮中膨润土的使用对肉鸭生产性能的影响

本试验选用6日龄600只花边肉鸭随机分为5组,每处理3个重复,分别饲喂同一基础日粮用1%、2%、3%、4%、5%钙基膨润土稀释的日粮。7d的试验结果表明:随膨润土用量增加肉鸭增重、采食量和耗料/增重(FCR)呈精确的四次曲线变化,R2=1;膨润土用量超过2%时肉鸭增重有轻微下降(p≥0.44),采食量显著上升(p<0.05);膨润土用量2%～5%处理比1%处理FCR上升4.5%～5.7%。以FCR和单位增重成本为指标,膨润土的最适添加水平为1%。     

膨润土掺量对重塑黄土抗拉强度的影响

【目的】探讨膨润土掺量、含水率和干密度对重塑黄土抗拉强度的影响,为西北地区黄土丘陵沟壑区沟道及坡面治理工程回填黄土拉张裂缝、滑塌等灾害的防治提供参考。【方法】以杨凌黄土为研究对象,制作不同膨润土掺量（0,30,60和90 g/kg）、不同含水率（15%,19%和23%）和不同干密度（1.47,1.57和1.67 g/cm³）共计20组重塑黄土试样,通过拉伸试验仪测定试样的单轴抗拉强度,并以膨润土掺量、含水率和干密度为变量分析试样抗拉强度的变化规律,然后通过压汞试验和扫描电镜试验测定试样内部孔隙大小、孔隙分布规律、土体颗粒结构、接触关系和孔隙内胶体形态,并对单轴抗拉强度的变化规律进行分析。【结果】含水率由15%提高至23%时,试样抗拉强度下降61.54%～71.35%;干密度由1.47提升至1.67 g/cm³时,试样抗拉强度提高115.81%～179.93%;膨润土掺量由0 g/kg提升至90 g/kg时,试样抗拉强度呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,在膨润土掺量为60 g/kg时抗拉强度达到最大,对应增幅为25.74%～57.03%;膨润土掺量为60 g/kg时,颗粒间大孔隙（直径大于5 000 nm）孔径分布密度最低,约为0.01 mL/g。【结论】含水率和干密度是影响重塑黄土抗拉强度的重要因素,膨润土对重塑黄土的抗拉强度有一定改良作用,在掺量为60 g/kg时改良效果最为明显。     

开发更高效的生物炭肥料提高辣椒产量和质量

Utilization of biochar at high application rates can increase soil C and crop yields, decrease greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient run-off from soils. However, the high application rate of 10 t ha-1may not return a profit to the farmer due to the high cost of biochar. In this study biochar was modified through pre-treating the biomass and post-treating with phosphoric acid, minerals and different chemical fertilisers to study the effects of two new enhanced biochar fertilisers on the yield and quality of green pepper in a field experiment with 5 fertilisation treatments and 3 replications. The two new biochar fertilisers significantly(P 0.05) increased the yield of green pepper(11.33–11.47 t ha-1), compared with the conventional chemical fertiliser(9.72 t ha-1). The biochar fertiliser treatments improved the vitamin C content of green pepper from 236.99 to 278.28 mg kg-1, and also significantly(P 0.05) reduced the nitrate content from 132.32 to 101.92 mg kg-1, compared with chemical fertiliser. This study indicated that, compared to the use of conventional chemical fertiliser, all of the biochar fertiliser treatments could significantly improve the yield and quality of green pepper.     

恶霉灵--木质素两性表面活性剂改性膨润土缓释剂的制备及性能

农药缓释剂是减少环境污染的有效策略,为开发成本低廉且具有释放速度调节能力的农药缓释剂,同时提高木质素产品的附加值,以木质素两性表面活性剂(二甲基-正丁基-磺化木质素基氯化铵(DBSLAC))为改性剂、钠基膨润土为原料,通过与膨润土层间的金属离子进行离子交换,制备改性膨润土。以恶霉灵为药物释放的对象、改性膨润土为释放的主要载体,利用浸渍吸附的方法制备出恶霉灵缓释剂,研究其缓释性能,并通过FTIR表征其结构,采用XRD分析改性后膨润土的底面间距。结果表明:恶霉灵在有机膨润土上的吸附量随着DBSLAC的增加先增大后减小;当DBSLAC相当于膨润土可交换阳离子总量(CEC)的1.2倍时,制备的1.2 CEC改性膨润土(L-1.2Bt)吸附恶霉灵的效果最佳;与未改性膨润土相比,L-1.2Bt对恶霉灵的吸附效果增强。制备恶霉灵缓释剂的最佳工艺条件为L-1.2Bt用量0.02 g、吸附时间8 h、恶霉灵浓度500 mg/L、pH值为2,该条件下制备的恶霉灵缓释剂对恶霉灵的最大吸附量为406 mg/g。另外,药水比例和温度对恶霉灵缓释剂的缓释快慢有一定影响。      

改性吸附剂对三苯基氯化锡吸附性能的研究

采用室内吸附试验方法,以壳聚糖、膨润土为基本负载原料,通过引入膦酸基提高了对三苯基氯化锡（TPTCl）的吸附性能,对时间、温度等吸附条件进行了研究。结果表明,吸附剂对TPTCl的瞬时吸附效率较高,随着TPTCl浓度的降低吸附速率也逐渐降低;随着温度的升高,吸附效率逐渐降低;吸附剂对TPTCl的吸附符合Freundlich模式。对吸附机理作出假设并进行了验证,认为吸附剂P-CTS-Bent与TPTCl存在反应,其结合位点在膦酸基上。