果树行间套种地被植物对天敌及害虫的影响

研究果树行间种植不同地被植物对果园生态系统的影响。结果表明,苹果园种植地被植物后,节肢动物的物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀性指数均明显大于清耕区;从天敌总量来看,禾草区较清耕区天敌增加57.36%,紫花苜蓿区较清耕区增加177.90%,紫花苜蓿+禾草混植区较清耕区增加369.03%;紫花苜蓿+禾草混植区和紫花苜蓿区的天敌发生期提前,持续时间延长;种植地被植物后天敌对害虫的控制作用明显,以紫花苜蓿+禾草混植区作用最好,平均控制效果为85.98%,其中对蚜虫类的控制效果可达94.07%,红蜘蛛类为80.39%,鳞翅目幼虫为88.14%,其他类害虫为81.30%。     

对河北省发展果园生草的思考

针对河北省果园生产中出现的水土流失严重、土壤肥力下降、生态环境恶化、果品农药残留超标、果品质量差等问题,阐述了果园生草的定义及果园生草在防止水土流失、提高土壤质量、改善果园生态环境、增加果园产量、改善果品质量、增加农民收入等方面的重要作用,进而分析了果园生草对河北省果业可持续发展的意义。     

河北省果园土壤质量现状及演变分析

对河北省1 200个果园土壤质量的现状及变化原因进行了调查,结果表明:果园土壤有机质含量偏低,处于低等与缺乏水平的样本比例占71%;土壤磷积累较多,46%的样本果园处于丰富水平,丰富水平磷的含量是果园土壤磷环境临界值(50 mg/kg)的2.2～7.7倍,存在较大的环境风险;土壤钾相对不足,处于低等及缺乏的样本占58%以上;果园的土壤微量元素铁、铜含量丰富,锌、硼含量中等,锰、钼含量处于低水平,土壤有效铜含量超过丰富水平的样本占70%～90%,处于丰富水平样本的含量是丰富水平标准(1 mg/kg)的2～5倍,各种果园土壤铜最高含量是毒害临界值(15 mg/kg)的1～2倍;近20%被调查果园的土壤表现出酸化现象.调查结果表明,果园有机养分投入不足,氮磷肥的过量施用,钾肥投入相对不足,含铜杀菌剂的过量、频繁使用等是造成河北省果园土壤质量变化的主要原因.果园土壤培肥、氮磷面源污染、铜过量积累以及酸化问题是今后果园土壤质量研究的重要方面.     

Adoption potential of fruit-tree-based agroforestry on small farms in the subtropical highlands

Worldwide, fruit-tree-based agroforestry systems have been only modestly studied, although they are common on smallholder farms. Such systems based on apple (Malus spp.), peach (Prunus spp.), and pear (Pyrus spp.) are common in northwest Guatemala as low intensity homegardens and are known to increase total farm productivity in communities where farm size is a limiting factor. This study investigated the potential for adoption of fruit-tree-based agroforestry by resource-limited farmers using ethnographic investigation and linear programming simulations of farm activities at the household level. Two communities with differing demographics, infrastructure, and access to regional markets were selected based on the presence of extensive fruit-tree-based agroforestry. The influences of family size, land holdings, and tree and crop yields on the optimal adoption levels of fruit trees were evaluated through a comparative study of the varying social and physical infrastructure present in the two communities. Fruit-tree-based agroforestry was potentially more attractive to relatively prosperous families or those with larger land holdings. Improvements in fruit-tree productivity and interspecies competition were of greater importance where family land holdings were smaller. The inability of families to produce sufficient food to meet annual needs, poor fruit quality, and lack of market infrastructure were identified as constraints that limit adoption. The complementarity of production with the dominant maize (Zea mays) crop, home consumption of fruit, and the potential to generate additional cash on limited land holdings were identified as factors promoting adoption of fruit-tree-based agroforestry.     

干旱、半干旱黄土区庭院果园节水灌根技术效应研究

水分是制约西北干旱、半干旱区农林业发展的一个关键因子。由于该区天然降雨量少,且时、空分布极不均匀,再加上地下水资源严重匮乏,给当地群众的生活和生产带来了极大困难（陈昌毓,１９９５;赵松龄,１９９６）。通过雨水集流措施,把大气降水贮纳起来,结合节水灌溉和抗旱栽培等综合配套技术,在无灌溉条件的农村建立以优质果树为主的家庭生态果园,不仅提高了土地和水资源的使用效率,而且也给农户带来了一定的经济效益。本文对插管（瓶）灌根、双瓶渗灌（赵岷阳等,１９９６;初长海,１９９７）等新型节水灌溉方法及果带覆膜等配套…     

一种新型链式开沟机设计参数和功率的确定

研究了一种适用于果园狭小作业空间的新型链式开沟机的结构和工作原理。通过功率消耗和作业效率等理论分析,提出了基本参数和功率消耗的确定方法,并根据果园园艺要求给出了１ＫＬＱ－８０型链式开沟机的具体设计结果,其配套动力为１１ｋＷ,最大开沟深度和宽度分别为８００ｍｍ、６５０ｍｍ,生产效率为１２５ｍ／ｈ。     

桉树组培苗以苗繁苗技术及病虫害防治对策

桉树组培苗以苗繁苗技术具有成苗周期短,利用系数大,成本低,便于生产单位大规模推广使用等特点,而且通过嫩梢扦插育苗,可获得苗木整齐粗壮,量多,遗传增益大,具有极大的生产潜力和经济效益。文章根据实际生产,具体介绍了桉树组培苗以苗繁苗技术及病虫害防治对策,旨在促进育苗技术的推广和进步,为育苗工作者提供参考。     

招远市土壤养分分析及培肥对策

根据国家首批测土配方施肥试点—招远市土壤养分检测结果,对农田、果园土壤肥力进行了评价,分析了限制粮油、苹果产量和品质进一步提高的主要因素,找出了施肥中存在的问题,并提出了合理施肥、土壤培肥的对策。     

浅析观光果园的现状及其发展前景

观光果园是绿色果品生产与生态旅游相结合的绿色产业,是利用果品的形、色、香、新、优、奇等独特的观赏价值,合理的配置一些配套设施,共同营造出丰富的人工植物季相群落景观和提供各种休闲娱乐设施的场所,大大推动了果品生产与旅游业的共同发展,获得巨大的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益。本文介绍了观光果园的功能,总结了观光果园经营规划中的注意事项,分析了其经营规划中存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策,以促进观光果园经营规划的快速健康发展。     

Present status and application technology of growing green manure in orchard of Jianning county

果园套种绿肥作物可以有效降低土壤侵蚀,对提高土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的含量都有积极作用,同时能提高园地土壤含水量,降低土壤容重,减少地温变化幅度,改善果园环境条件。