免耕对玉米生产力的影响：基于全球荟萃分析

通过对196篇相关文献的1 043对数据进行全球荟萃分析,评估免耕条件下玉米籽粒产量、秸秆生物量和叶面积指数的变化,并探讨气候、土壤、管理因素对其影响程度和方向。结果表明,相较于传统翻耕,免耕总体上显著降低了玉米籽粒产量、秸秆产量和叶面积指数5.7%、4.1%和9.7%。然而,这种效应因气候、土壤和管理措施而不同。在相对干旱的气候环境(年平均气温为>15℃、年平均降雨<600 mm)和恶劣的土壤条件(土壤体积质量>1.4 g/cm³、土壤有机碳含量<5.8 g/kg、土壤全氮为<0.75 g/kg)下,免耕条件下玉米生产力(籽粒产量和秸秆生物量)水平相对更好。其中,土壤有机碳含量和土壤速效钾含量与玉米籽粒产量呈显著负相关,年平均降雨和土壤速效磷含量与玉米籽粒产量和秸秆生物量呈显著负相关,土壤体积质量与玉米籽粒产量和秸秆生物量呈显著正相关。此外,肥料的高效施用、多样化的种植模式(间作或轮作)、秸秆还田等管理措施能抵消免耕条件下玉米生产力的负效应。总体而言,气候土壤环境相对更恶劣的区域可以从免耕技术上获益更多,而合理的田间管理措施也可以为...     

A systematic review and meta-analysis of Hymenolepis nana in human and rodent hosts in Iran: A remaining public health concern

Hymenolepis nana, as a neglected zoonotic helminth, naturally occurs in both humans and rodents. Herein, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out to estimate pooled prevalence of H. nana infection among human and rodent hosts for the first time in Iran. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases (English articles) and SID and Magiran databases (Persian articles) were systematically searched for relevant studies published from inception till May 24, 2020. Chi² and I² index were used to assess the heterogeneity of the included studies. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's intercept and visual inspection of the funnel plot. Pooled prevalence was estimated using random-effects model with 95 % confidence interval (CI) and depicted as a forest plot. STATA software was used for analysis. The overall pooled prevalence estimate of H. nana in humans included 1.2 % (95 % CI = 1.0–1.4%). Subgroup analysis revealed 2.2 % (95 % CI = 1.8–2.6%) and 0.5 % (95 % CI = 0.3 to 0.8 %) of H. nana infection among school children and food handlers, respectively. In terms of rodent hosts, the overall pooled prevalence of H. nana infection included 13 % (95 % CI = 9.3–16.6%). Subgroup analysis revealed the highest rate of the infection was in Rattus spp. (19.6 %; 95 % CI = 10.6–28.6%), a genus with synanthropic behavior. It seems, despite the advancement in sanitation infrastructure and hygiene status, the H. nana infection compares to other helminthic diseases remains a challenging public health problem in Iran.     

Meta分析在转基因作物安全性评价中的应用

转基因作物的生态安全性及其科学评价方法一直备受关注。目前，已有大量研究系统评价了转基因作物的生态安全性，但是不同的研究得出的结论并不一致。Meta分析是一种定量分析文献资料的方法，可以对特定研究主题的多个独立研究开展分析，从而获得更为科学合理的结论，已在医学和生态学等领域得到广泛的应用，但在转基因作物安全性评价中的应用还比较少。因此本文从Meta分析的概念、分析步骤及其在转基因作物安全评价中的应用等方面进行了概述，并探讨了其局限性，以促进该方法得到更加广泛的应用。     

混交对林分生长影响的Meta分析

【目的】探究混交对林分生长的影响,为混交林营造和科学经营提供参考。【方法】收集整理了246篇文献617条数据进行Meta分析,通过亚组分析探讨不同混交树种类型(阔叶混交、针灌混交、针阔混交、针叶混交和竹针混交)、混交比例(指目的树种株数占混交林总株数的比例,分为≥0.1～0.2、≥0.2～0.4、≥0.4～0.6、≥0.6～0.8和≥0.8～0.9)、林龄(≤9 a、10～19 a、20～29 a、30～39 a和≥40 a)和海拔梯度(400 m、≥400～800 m、≥800～1 200 m、≥1 200～1 600 m和≥1 600～2 000 m)对混交林中目的树种胸径、树高、林分蓄积量及生物量生长的影响。【结果】混交对目的树种的胸径、树高、林分蓄积量以及生物量累积均有一定的促进作用。不同树种类型的混交林对林分生长的影响差异显著,其中针灌混交效益最大;不同混交比例对林分生长的影响差异显著,其中混交比例≥0.1～0.8时显著促进林分生长,而混交比例≥0.8～0.9时对树高生长、林分蓄积量和生物量的积累有一定抑制作用;混交对不同林龄林分的影响差异显著,随着林龄增大,混交对目的树种胸径生长和林分生物量累积的促进作用呈现先增后降的趋势,这与林木连年生长量变化特征一致,但混交对目的树种树高生长和林分蓄积量的促进作用随林龄增长呈现上升趋势;不同海拔梯度下,混交对林分生长的影响差异显著,随海拔上升,混交对林分生长的促进作用呈现先增加后降低的趋势,在海拔≥1 200～1 600 m时促进作用最大。【结论】混交对林分生长有促进作用,不同的混交树种类型、混交比例、林龄及海拔对混交效应的影响均差异显著。     

Prevalence of fasciolosis in livestock and humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran

Fasciolosis is a re-emerging disease of livestock and rarely human, being endemic in Iran. Herein, we aimed to quantitatively assess the human seropositivity and prevalence of animal fasciolosis in our country. English and Persian databases were searched for online literature. In total, 10 human seroprevalence studies and 49 animal investigations were obtained from January 1999 to March 2019. Only animal studies were included in meta-analysis. The highest human seroprevalence was detected in Guilan province (326/452; 50%). The pooled prevalence of the animal infections was calculated as 6.2% (95% CI = 5.8%–6.5%). In detail, the prevalence ranges in three hosts included as 4.2% (95% CI = 3.8%–4.5%) in sheep, 9% (95% CI = 8.0%–9.9%) in cattle and 3.1% (95% CI = 2.4%–3.7%) in goat. The highest prevalence rate was observed in the north, 11.8% (95% CI = 8.4%–15.1%), while the lowest prevalence was detected in the central Iran with 1.8% (95% CI = 1.3%–2.3%). Egger’s regression test revealed no significant publication bias (P = 0.307). Also, there was no remarkable correlation between weighted prevalence and sample size (P = 0.249) as well as year of study (P = 0.172). These findings would be necessary for better preventive strategies in case of human and animal Fasciola infections as well as snail intermediate hosts.     

基于Meta分析的全株玉米青贮营养成分含量及其影响因素

本研究旨在基于Meta分析获得全株玉米青贮中干物质(DM)、淀粉(Starch)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量的预期值及变异范围,并探索青贮天数、地区和收获期对全株玉米青贮营养成分含量的影响。通过检索CNKI和Web of Science等文献数据库,依据纳入排除标准,纳入38篇文献,共273组全株玉米青贮数据,采用Meta分析全株玉米青贮DM、Starch、NDF和ADF含量和变异范围预测,并探索其影响因素。结果表明:全株玉米青贮中DM含量为31.33%[95%置信区间(CI,30.93%~31.74%)],Starch含量为25.51%[95%CI(24.70%~26.32%)],NDF含量为44.18%[95%CI(43.53%~44.83%)],ADF含量为25.15%[95%CI(24.78%~25.52%)];青贮天数对全株玉米青贮营养成分含量无显著影响(P>0.05);我国全株玉米青贮的DM和Starch含量显著低于美国和欧盟(P<0.05),NDF和ADF含量显著高于欧盟(P<0.05);收获期可显著影响全株玉米营养成分含量(P<0.05),随收获期推迟,全株玉米青贮中DM和Starch含量逐步升高,NDF和ADF含量呈降低趋势,在大于3/4乳线期时全株玉米青贮中NDF含量高于2/3乳线期,但未达显著水平(P>0.05),在大于3/4乳线期时ADF含量显著高于2/3乳线期(P<0.05)。由此可见,本研究获得了全株玉米青贮营养指标预期值和变异范围,同时表明我国全株玉米青贮品质低于美国和欧盟;制作青贮的全株玉米最佳收获期是2/3乳线期,可以有效提高全株玉米青贮的营养价值。     

基于Meta分析的放牧对黄土高原草地生态系统的影响

为明确放牧对黄土高原草地生态系统的整体影响,本文对39篇相关文献进行Meta分析,探讨了放牧对黄土高原草地植被、土壤理化性质和土壤微生物的影响,并进一步分析了影响其放牧效应的相关因素。结果表明：放牧对黄土高原草地植物多样性、土壤细菌丰度和放线菌丰度以及土壤微生物总丰度没有显著影响,但却显著降低了草地的生产力和土壤碳氮磷养分,明显增加了土壤容重、pH值和土壤真菌相对丰度;草地生态系统对放牧的响应受放牧强度和年平均降水量的影响,中度放牧有利于维持植物地下部分的生长,轻度放牧有利于维持土壤水分和养分;在年平均降雨量较低(<300 mm)的干旱地区,植物可能具有更好抵抗放牧干扰的能力,放牧对土壤养分的扰动不严重,在年平均降雨量较高(>400 mm)的湿润地区,放牧更容易改变土壤微生物的群落组成。     

全球氮添加实验设计方法现状的定量分析

氮添加控制实验是研究全球氮沉降对陆地生态系统影响的最有效手段之一。目前数百个氮添加实验由于其实验设计和方法的差异给不同实验结果之间的比较以及全球数据整合分析带来很大的不确定性。我们搜集全球302个氮添加控制实验,并定量分析其实验设计方法和现状,发现全球氮添加控制实验中仅有8%的实验数量分布于苔原、湿地和荒漠;氮添加量低于2g·m^-2·a^-1的实验仅占到4.4%;单独使用NH⁺₄或NO^-₃态肥料的实验占17.5%;超过每年6次氮添加的实验数量仅占1.4%;氮添加实验持续时间基本小于5年,大于20年的实验占13.6%;全球84.9%的实验中氮添加水平数目在2个以内,4个以上的实验仅占5.1%。针对目前氮添加实验的设计方法和现状,我们对未来氮添加实验设计和方法提出了参考建议。     

A meta-analysis of the effects of nitrogen additions on base cations: Implications for plants, soils, and streams

The dominant base cations (BC; i.e., Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺, and Na⁺) are important in buffering soil and water acidity in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ are also important in many plant physiological functions. Because BC availability is affected by changes in the nitrogen (N) cycle, we conducted a meta-analysis of previously published data to determine if N fertilization alters the availability of BC in terrestrial and stream ecosystems across biomes. We include data from 107 independent studies published in 62 different articles, taking a holistic perspective on BC by examining their responses to added N in plant foliage, bulk soil, soil solution, and stream water. Our results suggest N fertilization may accelerate BC loss from terrestrial ecosystems over time periods less than five years. We found that N additions resulted in an overall 24% decrease in the availability of exchangeable Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺ in the bulk soil of boreal forest, temperate forest, and grassland biomes. Collectively, responses of BC in boreal forest, temperate forest, tropical forest, and grassland biomes increased following N fertilization by about 71% in soil solution and 48% in stream waters. Additionally, BC responses in foliage decreased in boreal forest and temperate forest biomes following N additions over time periods less than five years, but there were no significant changes over longer time periods. Despite large short-term shifts in BC responses following N additions, we did not find evidence of widespread negative impacts on ecosystems over time periods greater than five years. This analysis suggests effects of N addition on the availability of exchangeable BC may diminish over time. Although the effects on BC can be substantial over periods less than five years, there is little available evidence that N fertilization has had large-scale detrimental effects on the availability of BC needed for plant growth within terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems.     

Mesoscale synchrony in quaking aspen establishment across the interior western US

Concern and debate about the condition of quaking aspen in the intermountain West of North America have led to many studies examining aspen recruitment at local to landscape scales. Patterns of aspen mortality and recruitment may reflect local conditions, or may show broad synchrony if regional-scale drivers are important. This paper aggregates historical aspen establishment data from 12 case studies from nine locations in a meta-analysis of emergent patterns of aspen dynamics at sub-continental or mesoscales (10⁴-10⁶ km²). Aspen establishment data were reported in multiple forms among studies, so the meta-analysis included two approaches (1) a quantitative analysis of percent aspen establishment in decadal time bins for 1820-1999 for six studies that reported data in a format suited for this approach and (2) a qualitative ranking of 19th and 20th century peaks in aspen establishment for all 12 studies. Aspen forests ranging from Wyoming to northern Arizona experienced two peaks in establishment between 1820 and the 1980s. The first peak began in the 1860s, reached its maximum in the 1880s, and gradually declined to an end the 1910s. The second peak began abruptly in the 1970s and continued through the 1980s. I speculate that the late-1800s peak in aspen recruitment was driven primarily by the occurrence of the last historical fires throughout the intermountain West and that the 1970s and 1980s peak was driven by improved moisture conditions brought about by a shift to a positive phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and a persistent negative phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation. The overarching implication of large-scale synchrony in aspen dynamics is that current aspen ecosystem condition is not solely the result of local-scale histories of browsing or fire, but is more likely the interwoven legacy of these local factors combined with broad factors such as climate and Euro-American settlement.