Differential response of cowpea lines to aluminum and phosphorus application

Two pot experiments were conducted, one to evaluate the levels of tolerance of fifteen cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] lines to aluminum (Al) application, and the second to determine the effect of phosphorus (P) addition on the performance of Al‐tolerant lines (IT 91K‐93–10, IT 93K‐2046–1, and IT 90K‐2 77–2) and Al‐sensitive lines (IT 86D‐719, IT 90K‐284–2, and IT 89KD‐349) in an Alfisol with Al amendment. Fourteen of the fifteen lines tested showed decreased root biomass (between 19 to 81% reduction) with Al addition, but this effect was significant for eight of them. Fewer lines showed decreased shoot biomass and grain yield with Al application. Despite little change in nodule number following Al application, there was a significant decrease in nodule weight (between 24 and 53% reduction) for nearly all lines. Phosphorus fertilization increased shoot and root biomass, grain yield, nodule number, and weight, and nitrogen (N) and P content of nearly all lines. Al‐tolerant lines showed higher response in shoot and root biomass and nodulation to P fertilization than Al‐sensitive lines, with the highest response from IT 90K‐277–2. Increase in shoot dry weight as a result of P fertilization was from 64 to 107% for Al‐tolerant lines and from 44 to 48% for the Al‐sensitive lines, and increase in root dry weight was from 46 to 86% for the Al‐tolerant lines and from 7 to 42% for the Al‐sensitive lines. Results of these trials indicated that lines IT 91K‐93–10, IT 93K‐2046–1, and IT 90K‐277–2 have potential for good performance in soil with Al toxicity problems, and that cowpea lines with inherent genetic tolerance to Al will give higher response to P fertilization when grown in soil with Al toxicity problems.     

EFFECT OF BORON-DOPED GOETHITE ON SOIL ACIDITY,DIFFERENT FORMS OF MANGANESE IN RED SOIL AND THE GROWTH OF RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) SEEDLINGS

Rape (Brassica napus L.) seedling pot experiments were performed with a red soil treated with goethite which had boron (B) either adsorbed (ad-B-goethite) or occluded (oc-B-goethite). Soil acidity, different forms of manganese in the soils and different elements content of the rape seedlings were determined. It was found that the addition of boron-containing goethite to the soils resulted in increased rape growth, elevated soil pH and decreased exchangeable acidity. Compared with the control, boron-containing goethite elevated the content of exchangeable manganese (Mn) (EXC-Mn), organic matter bound Mn (OM-Mn), reducible oxide Mn (RO-Mn) and residual Mn (RES-Mn) which were difficult to use for plant. Low labile organic matter was significantly correlated with easily reducible oxide Mn (ERO-Mn) (P < 0.01) and RO-Mn (P < 0.05). Middle organic matter and soil pH was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with RES-Mn. Stepwise regression was used to select the combination of variables that best estimates shoot and root dry weight of rape seedling. Among them, soil pH, EXC-Mn, OM-Mn, RO-Mn and RES-Mn significantly influenced the dry weight of rape seedlings. The addition of boron-containing goethite improved the uptake of iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) element and decreased the uptake of Mn and zinc (Zn) element in rape seedling. The results suggested that boron-containing goethite could provide a better soil acidity environment for plant growth; it was also an important agent increasing a part of manganese difficult to use for plant and reducing the activity of soil manganese, which was beneficial to altering rape seedling growth.     

黄瓜壮苗指标与辐热积关系的模拟模型

为预测温室黄瓜幼苗的健壮程度,该文探讨了黄瓜根冠比、G值(全株干质量与育苗天数之比)、壮苗指数3个壮苗指标与环境温度和辐射的关系,以2个不同生态型黄瓜品种‘津春4号’和‘戴多星’为试验材料,通过分期播种试验及回归分析,建立了以辐热积为尺度的温室黄瓜壮苗指标模拟模型,并利用独立试验数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明,根冠比与辐热积曲线拟合度差,G值模型的模拟值与实测值符合度低。在该试验条件下,这2个壮苗指标均不适宜用辐热积做变量进行模拟。黄瓜壮苗指数与辐热积曲线拟合度高。模拟结果与实测值之间的回归标准误差(RMSE)为0.0040,说明模型具有较高的预测精确性;壮苗指数的模拟值与实测值之间基于1∶1直线的决定系数(R2)分别为0.9854(津春4号)和0.9761(戴多星),F检验均达极显著水平,表明模拟值与实测值的符合度高。该研究建立的基于辐热积的黄瓜壮苗指数模型能较准确的预测黄瓜幼苗健壮程度,所用参数少,模型实用性较强,可为黄瓜育苗中幼苗健壮程度的预测提供有效方法,也可为黄瓜育苗中的温光管理提供决策支持。     

云南松林火烧迹地自然更新群落的物种组成及演替特征分析

以昆明西山林场2008年、2001年和1993年3个梯度的云南松林火烧迹地自然更新的植物群落为研究对象,分析不同演替梯度下植物群落的物种组成及区系成分,采用DCA排序分析植物的演替梯度变化,并分析不同演替梯度下的物种多样性变化。结果表明:调查样地内共计有物种102种,分属50科,88属;除5 a自然更新群落外,12 a和20 a自然更新群落均以乔木层为优势,优势树种为云南松;灌木层主要以杜鹃花科的碎米花杜鹃、卵叶南烛为优势,草本层主要以菊科、禾本科和蕨科的物种为优势;植物区系成分以温带成分为主,其中尤以北温带分布的属为多;在不同演替阶段植物物种重要值也发生规律性变化,反映了火烧迹地植被演替的梯度变化趋势。DCA排序揭示了云南松林火烧迹地从灌丛至森林的演替变化趋势,也反映了植被随时间序列的演替梯度变化。不同演替梯度上群落物种多样性呈现规律性变化,自然更新20 a云南松林的Gleason丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数均显著高于自然更新12 a的云南松林;灌木层的物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数均以12 a自然更新群落为最高,且显著高于5 a和20 a自然更新的植物群落,自然更新5 a的灌丛则最低;草木层3个演替梯度中自然更新5 a的灌丛丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度均显著高于另外2个梯度,自然更新20 a的灌丛则最低。     

Friction velocity and aerodynamic roughness of conventional and undercutter tillage within the Columbia Plateau, USA

Friction velocity (u_*) and aerodynamic roughness (z_o) at the soil–plant–atmosphere interface affect wind erosion, but no attempts have been made to quantify these parameters as affected by tillage systems within the Columbia Plateau region of the Pacific Northwest United States. Wind velocity profiles above adjacent field plots (>2 ha), with plots subject to conventional or undercutter tillage during the summer fallow phase of a winter wheat–summer fallow rotation, were measured over 50 high wind events (wind velocities in excess of 6.4 m s⁻¹ at a height of 3 m) during 2005 and 2006 near Lind, Washington to determine u_* and z_o of tillage treatments. Wheat stubble plots were subject to either conventional (disks) or undercutter (wide V-shaped blades) tillage in spring and then periodically rodweeded prior to sowing winter wheat in late summer. Prior to sowing, u_* for conventional and undercutter tillage respectively averaged 0.36 and 0.46 m s⁻¹ in 2005 and 0.38 and 0.40 m s⁻¹ in 2006 while z_o for conventional and undercutter tillage respectively averaged 2 and 7 mm in 2005 and 2 and 4 mm in 2006. The aerodynamically rougher surface of undercutter tillage was predicted to suppress vertical dust flux; this was collaborated with observations in the field where undercutter tillage reduced dust flux as compared with conventional disk tillage. Undercutter tillage, therefore, appears to be an effective management practice to roughen the surface and thereby suppress dust emissions from agricultural land subject to summer fallow within the Columbia Plateau.     

5种草本植物对土壤重金属铅的吸收、富集及转运

以临汾西山煤矿周边的5种优势种植物苍耳（Xanthium sibiricum）、夏至草（Lagopsis supina）、蒲公英（Taraxacum mongolicum）、灰绿藜（Chenopodium glaucum）、早熟禾（Poa annua）为试验材料,研究植物修复土壤重金属铅的污染,分析比较其对铅的吸收、转运和富集的能力。结果表明:在铅处理下早熟禾的生物量最大;5种植物地上部分对铅的吸收量在10 000 mg时均达到1 000 mg/kg以上,其中夏至草的吸收量最高,达5 447.25 mg/kg;地下部分对铅的吸收量在10 000 mg时也达到1 000 mg/kg以上,以苍耳最高,达13 448.5 mg/kg。夏至草的转运系数和富集系数最高,为铅超富集植物,其余4种植物对重金属铅也有很好的吸收富集作用。     

Erratum to: Soluble organic C and N and their relationships with soil organic C and N and microbial characteristics in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) plantations along an elevation gradient in Central Taiwan

Journal of Soils and Sediments -     

Diversity of anammox bacteria and abundance of functional genes for nitrogen cycling in the rhizosphere of submerged macrophytes in a freshwater lake in summer

Purpose

Submerged plants make an important contribution to nitrogen cycling in lakes including in the rhizosphere microenvironment through microbial activities. The main objective of this study was to investigate the abundance of functional genes for nitrogen cycling and the ecological relationship between these genes in the rhizosphere sediment of a freshwater lake in summer.

Materials and methods

Sediment from the rhizosphere of four submerged macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrilla verticillata, Potamogeton maackianus, and Vallisneria spiralis) was sampled in Lake Liangzi, China, in summer. The anammox bacteria community structure and abundance of five functional genes for nitrogen cycling, ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA), anammox 16S rRNA, and nitrite reductase genes (nirK and nirS) in the sampled sediment, were determined.

Results and discussion

A total of 100 anammox gene sequences were grouped into eight operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and genus Ca. Kuenenia was the dominant species in Lake Liangzi in summer. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) revealed that gene copies of AOA amoA (2.42?×?10⁶ copies g^?1) were more than one order of magnitude higher than those of AOB amoA (1.98?×?10⁵ copies g^?1). The nirS gene (4.13?×?10⁸ copies g^?1) was more abundant than the nirK gene (7.28?×?10⁷ copies g^?1). There was no significant difference in the abundance of the AOB amoA gene among the rhizosphere of the four macrophytes. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed a positive correlation between the abundance of the anammox 16S rRNA gene, AOA amoA and AOB amoA, which suggested two of these microbes may have provided a substrate for anammox bacteria in summer.

Conclusions

The diversity of anammox in the rhizosphere of submerged macrophytes of the freshwater lake in summer was very low, but the plant species could affect the abundance of most nitrogen circulating bacteria, especially for anammox bacteria. Anammox 16S rRNA gene was positively correlated with four other functional genes, indicating that all four genes had significant effects on anammox bacteria.

     

珠江口优势种鱼类肠道与水体中的微生物组成关系

为探讨河口鱼类肠道微生物与水环境中微生物的相互影响关系,选取了2019年冬季珠江口4种鱼类优势种凤鲚（Coilia mystus）、棘头梅童鱼（Collichthys lucidus）、鳓（Ilisha elongata）和短吻鲾（Leiognathus brevirostris）为研究对象,利用16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术分析了鱼类肠道和水环境中的微生物群落。结果表明：鱼类肠道和水环境之间微生物组成差异明显,而4种鱼类肠道微生物组成无显著差异。鱼类肠道微生物均以变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）为优势类群,而水体微生物以变形菌门和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）为主;鱼类肠道中优势微生物属为Bacteroides、Romboutsia和Faecalibacterium等（相对丰度≥2%）,而水环境中的微生物优势属为Candidatus＿Actinomarina（相对丰度21.2%）。四种鱼类物种的肠道微生物分别与水环境微生物之间的共有OTUs组成存在差异,共有的OTUs数量占棘头梅童鱼肠道总OTUs数量的比例最高（18.8%）,...     

Effect of Chinese Herb Additive on Blood Biochemical Indices and Production Performance in Transition Dairy Cows

The objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of Chinese herb additive on production performance and blood biochemical indices in transition dairy cows.Thirty six Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to three treatments,supplemented with 0,150 and 300 g/d Chinese herb additive,respectively.Experimental duration was 7 weeks and the first week was the preliminary period.After delivery,feed,blood and milk samples were collected once a week for the measurement of dry matter intake,blood biochemical indexes and milk components.The results showed that cows fed 150 and 300 g/d Chinese herb additive tended to increase milk production (5.1% and 10.6% respectively) compared to control group,but the difference was not significant (P<0.05).Meanwhile,the somatic cell count in milk significantly decreased (P<0.05),which decreased by 62.7% and 76.6%,respectively.Feeding Chinese herb additive had no significant effect on dry matter intake and other milk composition (P>0.05).Compared to control group,cows received Chinese herb additive significantly decreased the content of serum NEFA (P<0.05),which decreased by 29.0% and 35.1%,respectively.There was no significant difference on other indexes in serum (P>0.05).The results showed that dietary supplementation with 300 g/d Chinese herb additive had a good effect for transition dairy cows,which could significantly reduce the somatic cell count in milk and the content of NEFA in blood,and would improve the health status of dairy cows,and the postpartum production performance of dairy cows.