关于金字塔网限制边连通度的研究

考察了一些金字塔网的性质,并利用这一性质,证明了PM[n]（n≥1）是一个超3边连通图,进而得到其限制边连通度λ′（PM[n]）=5（n≥2）.     

广东省省级以上森林生态系统自然保护区空间分布格局研究

采用广东省土地利用规划图和各自然保护区总体规划资料,在GIS软件ARCGIS8.0和MAPGIS支持下提取广东省省级以上森林生态系统自然保护区的空间资料,对区域水平上广东省省级以上森林生态系统自然保护区空间分布格局进行了研究。结果表明,目前广东省已建立自然保护区在区域空间水平上表现为随机分布,但保护区间连接度较差;保护区之间的隔离程度表现出显著的差别,基本可以区分为3个类别,其中空间隔离最大的保护区有9个,占已建立保护区的28%。因此,在广东省自然保护区建设过程中,应做好选点工作,增加自然保护区的空间连接度。     

极端降雨对晋西黄土区农地流域泥沙连通性的影响

[目的]研究极端降雨事件对小流域坡沟系统泥沙连通性的影响,进而为流域综合治理与灾后重建提供理论依据。[方法]以地处黄土残塬区的晋西吉县蔡家川农地小流域为研究区,采用无人机与遥感影像对2021年10月山西极端降雨事件前后坡沟系统进行航测与实地调查,分析极端降雨前后的景观格局变化,量化坡沟系统泥沙连通性,识别滑坡点位空间分布与地形特征,评价流域内典型工程措施对极端降雨的响应。[结果]农地流域此次降雨历时84 h,累计降雨量160.4 mm,降雨强度1.9 mm/h,降雨频率0.16%,为百年一遇的极端暴雨。暴雨后流域斑块数量增加,景观形状指数增大,蔓延度指数减小,香农多样性指数减小。暴雨前流域内泥沙连通性分布不均,暴雨后泥沙连通性增大。暴雨后滑坡位点泥沙连通性减小,滑坡多发生在0°～10°和40°～50°的条件下,所占比例分别为29.11%和17.74%。[结论]极端暴雨事件诱发的滑坡影响了泥沙连通性,根据泥沙连通性空间变化可识别水土流失位点,能够用于评估典型水土保持工程措施对极端降雨的响应,研究结果可为流域综合治理及极端降雨事件发生后开展生态恢复提供支撑。     

Plantation rows as dispersal routes: A test with didelphid marsupials in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Anecdotal observations suggest that some vertebrates follow plantation rows when crossing between habitat patches in fragmented landscapes, but the frequency of such behavior was never formally tested despite its potential implications for landscape management. We experimentally tested if the didelphid marsupials Didelphis aurita and Philander frenatus use plantation rows as guidelines when searching for habitat patches in a landscape of fragmented Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Thirty-seven individuals of P. frenatus and 24 of D. aurita were captured in forest fragments and released carrying spool-and-line tracking devices at four distances (30-200 m) from a forest fragment, in a matrix of manioc plantations. Animals of both species used plantation rows to orient their initial movements and used rows as guidelines along their paths for navigating in the matrix. By moving predominantly parallel to the plantation rows animals reduced the tortuosity of their paths and obtained an unobstructed view of the landscape ahead. These results demonstrate that the orientation of linear plantations can strongly influence functional connectivity between habitat fragments. Plantation rows should be oriented to maximize connection between nearby fragments, enhancing dispersal success of these species and probably many other terrestrial vertebrates in agricultural landscapes.     

内蒙古地区不同撂荒年限草地与沙棘地的入渗能力比较

[目的]研究内蒙古地区不同植被覆盖对土壤入渗能力的影响,为该区的生态恢复和植被配置提供理论依据。[方法]以该区3种不同年限撂荒草地(13,25,30 a)与13 a沙棘地为研究对象,采用圆盘入渗仪法并结合土壤水分特征曲线比较各样地土壤导水率,土壤大孔隙度及大孔隙连通性的差异。[结果](1)土壤入渗能力与撂荒年限正相关,随着撂荒年限的增加而变强,土壤稳定入渗速率表现为30 a撂荒草地>25 a撂荒草地>13 a撂荒草地>13 a沙棘地,分别为1.38,1.29,1.24,1.11 mm/min。相同年限的撂荒草地入渗速率较沙棘地更大。(2)大孔隙度及大孔隙连通性均依次为：30 a撂荒草地>25 a撂荒草地>13 a撂荒草地>13 a沙棘,占土壤体积0.000 4%～0.003 4%的土壤大孔隙对土壤饱和入渗速率的贡献高达44.35%～86.92%。(3)>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量是影响土壤入渗速率的主要因素。[结论]撂荒可以改善草地的入渗能力,并且随年限的延长而增强,相同年限下撂荒草地的入渗性能大于种植沙棘地,其主要影响因素为土壤大孔隙数目...     

Multiple spawning events promote increased larval dispersal of a predatory fish in a western boundary current

Transport of larvae by ocean currents is an important dispersal mechanism for many species. The timing and location of spawning can have a large influence on settlement location. Shifts in the known spawning habitat of fish, whether due to climate or the discovery of new spawning stock, can influence the distribution of juveniles and our understanding of connectivity. The globally distributed species; Pomatomus saltatrix, is one such example where a previously unrecognised summer spawning event and a more southern latitudinal extent was recently reported for the southwest Pacific population. Although restrictions are in place to protect the traditional spawning event, the importance of the newly recognised summer spawning event is uncertain. Here, we investigate larval dispersal of P. saltatrix using particle tracking simulations to identify the contributions of the different spawning events to settlement. By modelling dispersal of larvae released in northern and mid‐latitude regions over the Austral spring and summer, we show that the newly recognised mid‐latitude summer spawning event contributes over 50% of the larvae reaching southern latitudes. This is due to a reduced (1–2 days) pelagic larval duration (associated with temperature), resulting in reduced larval mortality, and the seasonal (summer) strengthening of the East Australian Current (EAC) transporting particles ~50 km further south. These findings demonstrate that in dynamic boundary current systems such as the EAC, the final settlement location of larvae that are transported by ocean currents can vary considerably depending on the timing and location of spawning and that multiple spawning events are important for maximum dispersal.     

Migrations and movements of Atlantic tarpon revealed by two decades of satellite tagging

Understanding large‐scale migratory behaviours, local movement patterns and population connectivity are critical to determining the natural processes and anthropogenic stressors that influence population dynamics and for developing effective conservation plans. Atlantic tarpon occur over a broad geographic range in the Atlantic Ocean where they support valuable subsistence, commercial and recreational fisheries. From 2001 through 2018, we deployed 292 satellite telemetry tags on Atlantic tarpon in coastal waters off three continents to document: (a) seasonal migrations and regional population connectivity; (b) freshwater and estuarine habitat utilization; (c) spawning locations; and (d) shark predation across the south‐eastern United States, Gulf of Mexico and northern Caribbean Sea. These results showed that some mature tarpon make long seasonal migrations over thousands of kilometres crossing state and national jurisdictional borders. Others showed more local movements and habitat use. The tag data also revealed potential spawning locations consistent with those inferred in other studies from observations of early life stage tarpon leptocephalus larvae. Our analyses indicated that shark predation mortality on released tarpon is higher than previously estimated, especially at ocean passes, river mouths and inlets to bays. To date, there has been no formal stock assessment of Atlantic tarpon, and regional fishery management plans do not exist. Our findings will provide critical input to these important efforts and assist the multinational community in the development of a stock‐wide management information system to support informed decision‐making for sustaining Atlantic tarpon fisheries.     

Modelling functional fish habitat connectivity in rivers: A case study for prioritizing restoration actions targeting brown trout

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Modelling giant red shrimp larval dispersal in the Sardinian seas: density and connectivity scenarios

The connectivity and three‐dimensional (3D) dispersion of the larvae of giant red shrimp, potentially released from known spawning areas along the Sardinia slope in the western Mediterranean Sea, were assessed using Lagrangian simulations forced by a 3D submesoscale permitting a regional ocean model. Biophysical simulations using the hydrodynamic conditions of the year 2012 were run to track propagules released from known spawning areas during the spawning period (May to September). Passive transport (PT) and vertical migration (VM) scenarios were tested, each with two possible pelagic larval durations (PLDs) of 21 or 42 days. Dispersion of propagules in the PT and VM scenarios differed in terms of travelled distance, export out of the domain (larger for VM), and depth distribution (shallower and bimodal for VM due to the larger variability of encountered currents). Connectivity patterns were investigated among eight release areas, and four predetermined Eco‐Regions, and results showed strong connectivity among the North‐Western (NW), Western (W), and Southern (S) regions of Sardinia, whereas the Eastern region was more segregated. Differences in connectivity patterns among scenarios were related mainly to the tendency of greater retention of propagules in the release area for the PT scenarios. This finding, together with existing hypotheses of vertical migration likely occurring during first egg‐larval phases, suggest that the VM scenarios are the most probable of the two hypotheses tested. Strong connectivity between the W and S sides of Sardinia and the relative isolation of the E side could have significant implications for the protection of this important resource.