Effects of site,landscape features,and fire regime on vegetation patterns in presettlement southern Wisconsin

The presettlement tree cover (1831–33) of 3 townships in a southern Wisconsin landscape was analyzed using original survey records. Four forest types were identified: closed forest, open forest, savanna, and prairie. Comparisons of vegetation types and landscape pattern were made between the east and west sides of the Pecatonica River, which bisects the landscape and could have acted as a natural fire barrier. West of the river, presettlement tree species richness and diversity were lower and trees were smaller in diameter and less dense than to the east. The major vegetation types to the west were prairie (42% of landscape) and savanna (40%), both fire-susceptible types. Prairie was more common on gentle slopes than on other landforms. To the east, the landscape was 70% forested (closed plus open forest). Here, prairie was more frequent on steep dry sites. These vegetation differences, including the contrasting landscape placement of prairie, are attributed to distinct site characteristics and to disturbance (fire) regimes, with the west likely having more frequent fires. In terms of the four vegetation types, the east landscape was more homogeneous, being dominated by closed forest (50%). West of the Pecatonica River, the landscape was more heterogeneous because of the high proportion of both prairie and savanna; however, in terms of flammability of vegetation, the west was essentially homogeneous (82% prairie plus savanna).     

半干旱区环境因子对柠条灌木林结构的影响

以半干旱区宁夏固原17a生柠条灌木林为研究对象,分析了不同地形、整地方式及降雨量对柠条生长形态的影响,并对影响柠条单株形态组成的指标进行了主成分分析。研究结果表明：(1)不同坡位对柠条的株高、根深、生物量影响显,而对柠条的分枝数没有明显影响;不同整地方式对柠条的株高、分枝、根深及单株生物量均影响显。(2)降雨量对柠条形态组成影响深刻,柠条的株高、分枝、单株生物量与年度累积降雨量之间呈“S”型曲线,说明柠条形态建成与降雨量有极大的相关性;根系的生长与降雨量之间则呈指数规律增长。(3)柠条各生长指标间存在着紧密的联系。株高、分枝、株生物量是描述柠条地上部形态结构特征的指标组合;根深则是描述柠条地下形态结构的指标。     

磷酸氢钙包膜尿素的研制及其释放特性

以聚乙烯醇水溶液为粘结剂,以肥料级磷酸氢钙为包膜材料,采用喷雾包涂的方法制备一种新的、多营养的、不污染土壤的缓释/控释尿素。用水浸泡法和土壤培养法表征了包膜尿素的释放特性,用扫描电子显微镜研究了包膜尿素的表面和截面形貌。讨论了涂层量对包膜尿素的缓释性能的影响。实验结果表明:涂层量是影响尿素释放的重要因素,磷酸氢钙包膜尿素在水中氮素的释放行为可用一级释放动力学方程来描述;CU-25和CU-30包膜尿素在水中溶出80%的氮素分别需要5.36.d和12.53.d,而在土壤中溶出80%的氮素所需要的时间大于110.d;包膜尿素的扫描电镜照片显示,包膜层中的缝隙小于1μm。     

耕作土壤地表三维形貌测量装置设计与试验研究

耕作土壤地表不平度对拖拉机悬挂机组作业质量与作业效率有着重要的影响。为实现准确、高效的测量耕作土壤地表不平度,利用激光位移传感器设计了一套非接触式耕作土壤地表三维形貌测量装置,可获得区域内耕作地表的三维形貌图,并计算出地表不平度。该测量装置主要包括运动测试台、控制箱和基于Lab VIEW软件的数据采集系统,测量范围为1m×1m,空间分辨率为0. 001mm,距离分辨率为1mm。实验表明:测量装置的均方根误差为0. 017mm,表明该测量装置能够准确、高效地测量耕作土壤地表三维形貌,为后续耕作土壤地表三维形貌的理论分析与耕作土壤地表不平度评价提供了有效的支持。     

粤北岩溶峰丛自然坡面土壤钙元素的空间分布

[目的]探讨综合要素影响下自然坡面土壤钙元素的分布特征,认识岩溶区土壤结构与演化。[方法]测定广东省英德市岩背镇典型峰丛坡面土壤的全钙、交换性钙、水溶性钙和有机质的含量,并进行相关性分析。[结果]峰丛坡面土壤的全钙、交换性钙、水溶性钙含量的平均值分别为4.172,1.050,0.026g/kg,交换性钙/全钙的平均值为22.29%,水溶性钙/全钙的平均值为0.56%。全钙、交换性钙和有机质的含量都随坡面海拔下降而逐渐减少,陡峭的坡面上部的全钙、交换性钙和有机质含量要明显高于中下部平缓坡面的含量,而水溶性钙的含量随坡面下降不显著。相关性分析表明,全钙和交换性钙与海拔、坡度、岩石裸露率呈显著正相关,而与土层厚度是显著负相关,水溶性钙与这些地形因素相关性不显著。[结论]坡面的地形变化和土壤发育程度是影响土壤全钙和交换性钙含量变化的主要因素,但对于水溶性钙含量的影响不大。峰丛自然坡面的全钙和交换钙具有坡面迁移特征,但垂向迁移特征不明显,水溶性钙的坡面迁移和垂向迁移都不明显,对局部水文状况响应灵敏。     

黄土丘陵区生态退耕中的景观格局演变及其地形驱动

黄土丘陵区大规模生态退耕对该区域土地利用、景观格局及其生态系统服务产生了重要影响。基于野外调查和GIS分析,以典型黄土丘陵小流域大南沟为例,分析了1975—2007年生态退耕前后土地利用结构变化、景观格局演变及其地形驱动。结果表明流域大规模退耕前有小面积弃耕现象,耕地和荒草地稍有减少,林地增加,斑块数量增加,景观格局趋于复杂,破碎化严重。2000年大规模退耕以后,耕地大量减少,退耕地和荒草地约占流域面积75%,林地增加,各景观类型形状趋于简单、分布趋于均匀和集中。随退耕年限增加,林地持续增加,存在小面积的复垦现象,流域景观结构趋于复杂,但整体格局趋于合理。相对海拔和坡度是生态退耕最重要的两个地形驱动因子,大规模退耕后,耕地和果园趋向于中低海拔和坡度较缓的区域分布,荒草地基本不变,退耕地和林地趋向于高海拔和较陡的区域分布。     

Causes of recurring drought patterns in Xinjiang, China

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, with its unique topography and geographical location receives very less precipitation in summer as compared with other parts of China. The region is a land locked where moisture is supplied only by westerly winds from Atlantic Ocean as the moisture coming from Indian Ocean is mostly blocked by the Himalayas Range and the Tibetan plateau. In such a scenario, Xinjiang faces severe drought conditions offering significant challenges to water management. In this paper, we analyzed the drought periods in Xinjiang and discussed the various factors that might have influenced precipitation over the past forty-four years. For this purpose, we defined three periods of consecutive four years for high and low precipitation intensities. The average observed precipitation was 1.05 mm/day and 0.7 mm/day in summer (June-July-August) for the Tianshan Mountain region and Junggar Basin of Xinjiang, respectively. The drought conditions indicated that high sea level pressure, wind divergence and low convection were the prominent features that caused the droughts, which often do not allow the condensation process to coagulate the tiny water droplets into relatively large raindrops reducing the amount of precipitation in the region. The period of 1983-1986 is the lowest precipitation interval indicating the severe drought in the western Xinjiang (i.e western Tianshan Mountain region), for which, less moisture availability, strong divergence and less convection could be the most influencing factors.     

浙江省江郎山丹霞地貌岩生植被群落特征

经调查,江郎山丹霞地貌岩生植被包括苔藓群落、景天群落、山类芦群落、苦苣苔群落、蕨类群落及木本植物群落等6种,涉及71科136属193种高等植物,其优势科有毛茛科Ranunculaceae,景天科Crassulaceae,蔷薇科Rosaceae,豆科Leguminosae和苦苣苔科Gesneriaceae等。群落上层几乎无高大乔木覆盖;灌木、藤木植物虽有一定数量的分布,但丰富度及频度相对较小;草本植物优势明显,涉及100多个物种,圆叶景天Sedum makinoi,山类芦Neyraudia montana,珠芽景天Sedum bulbiferum,江南卷柏Selaginella moellendorffi及苦苣苔Conandron ramondioides等为群落重要的广布种;苔藓层植物种类相对较少,在该岩生环境中优势尚不明显,但覆盖度较大,且多覆盖于裸岩石壁之上,其中以毛尖卷柏藓Racopilum aristatum,曲柄藓Campylopus flexuosus和扭叶藓Trachypus bicolor等为优势种。江郎山岩生植被能在灼热干旱、土壤贫瘠、石质性强的裸岩环境中生长繁育,对保护和塑造其奇特的丹霞地貌发挥着重要作用。表4参25     

昆山农地砷分布及成因探讨

土壤中的砷会经作物和径流等途径转移,甚至进入食物链而对人产生危害。为了解影响农用地土壤中砷含量的因素,选择江苏昆山农地为研究对象,探讨地理区位、土地利用方式、土壤特性与农用地土壤砷含量的关系,并用逐步回归法建立了昆山农地土壤砷含量与土壤理化参数关系的回归方程。研究表明:地形和农田的氧化还原环境会改变土壤砷含量,因此,地势高处的土壤砷含量高于地势低处,旱地高水田低。不同利用方式的旱地土壤的砷含量也不同,林地>抛荒地>菜地>玉米-西瓜田>苗圃。此外,土壤砷含量还与化肥施用量正相关,并与土壤黏粒呈正相关,却与土壤pH、有机质、全氮和细砂粒含量呈负相关。     

基于GPS的农田坡面平整技术与试验

设计了一种基于GPS的农田土地坡面平整系统,该系统由自主差分GPS接收设备、车载式工控机、控制转换器、液压系统、铲运装备等几部分硬件组成,以Visual C++60为系统软件开发环境;系统可对农田进行动态地势测量及坡面平整作业．首先,将GPS接收设备安置在铲运设备上,利用拖拉机牵引铲运设备对农田进行动态蛇形测量,并通过相应的校正算法对测得的GPS数据进行误差校正;然后,根据校正后的数据,对农田进行三维地形成图及坡面建模,得到农田坡面期望高程;最后,将实时接收的农田实际高程与坡面期望高程进行比较,通过控制转换器输出液压控制信号驱动铲运设备进行挖填土方的平地作业．在田间试验条件下,根据农业工作者要求对纵向长度为180 m的地块进行1／1 000纵向坡降的平地试验,结果表明,平地后标准偏差值在5 cm左右,坡低的平均相对高程约为4062 m,坡顶的平均相对高程约为4078 m,坡面高差为16 cm,其理论坡面高差为18 cm,有效改善了农田坡面地形．