覆土厚度对裸岩石砾地土壤颗粒迁移过程的影响

为了明确裸岩石砾地土地整治工程中人为构建耕作层的合理覆土厚度,通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究了覆土厚度对裸岩石砾地土壤颗粒迁移过程的影响。根据裸岩石砾地土地整治工程特点,试验共设计4个覆土厚度,分别为5,10,15,20cm,土柱底部装填5cm厚直径为10mm的玻璃珠,试验从土柱下端出水开始记时,共接取渗漏液6h。结果表明:(1)较厚的土层具有较好的保水蓄水能力和较强的土体稳定性,4个土层厚度的水分渗漏量均随着土层厚度增加而减小,水分渗漏速率表现为先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定的趋势;(2)土壤颗粒迁出量与土层厚度呈负相关关系,土壤颗粒累积迁出量与土层厚度的拟合关系式为:y=3.19e-0.11x(R2=0.96);(3)水分渗漏前期往往伴随着大量土壤颗粒的迁出,且土层越薄,水分渗漏量和土壤颗粒迁出量越大,随着渗漏过程的进行土壤颗粒迁出量逐渐减小;(4)迁出颗粒中粉粒含量最高,黏粒次之,砂粒含量最低,且不同粒径土壤颗粒随时间的迁出特征也不同。研究结果为裸岩石砾地土地整治提供了科学依据。     

The impact of road geometry and surface roughness on fuel consumption of logging trucks

Fuel accounts for more than 35% of transport costs in Swedish forestry, and reduced fuel consumption would provide immediate economic and environmental benefits. The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of road gradient, curvature and surface roughness on fuel consumption of a conventional 60-ton logging truck. The study used a 320-km test track on both public and forest roads. The track was driven with various load weights in both dry summer and wet autumn conditions. Fuel consumption data were retrieved from the truck's CAN-bus system, and road data were measured with a profilograph. Average fuel consumption was 71.4?litres/100?km. A regression analysis showed that the most important factor was the interaction between vehicle weight and gradient, explaining the 86% increase between empty and fully loaded truck. In addition, the regression analysis quantified the individual effects of undulation, curvature and surface roughness, explaining the 107% increase in fuel consumption between the highest and lowest road class. Results from the proposed regression model (R² of 84% for a road section length of 1000?m) were consistent with predictions given by the European ARTEMIS model, and the proposed model can be used to improve cost estimation and route selection.     

饱和砂卵石介质渗透系数线性预报模型研究

以黄河中游段河床自然堆积砂砾石堆积体为研究对象,通过室内不同粒径特征混合体的系统渗流试验,探讨了砂卵石的粒径组成特征对渗透系数的影响,建立了以有效粒、限制粒径、不均匀系数和曲率系数为自变量的渗透系数线性预报模型。结果表明,砂卵石的渗透系数可用多元线性回归模型进行预测。回归模型及自变量对预测量的影响均显著,模型预测值与实测值平均相对误差为12.39%。     

深厚砂砾石地基墙幕结合防渗体系搭接长度优化研究

目前深厚砂砾石地基墙幕结合防渗体系普遍采用10m的经验搭接长度,针对搭接长度在设计中偏于保守的现状,结合新疆下坂地水利枢纽工程,采用了有限元数值模拟计算和归一化处理的方法,在防渗体系不同深度布置尺寸和搭接长度的情况下,建立有限元数值计算模型,对防渗墙的受力和位移进行研究分析,计算分析出新疆下坂地墙幕结合防渗体系优化搭接长度度值,并总结出墙幕优化搭接长随防渗墙修建深度的变化规律,为深厚砂砾石地基墙幕结合防渗体系的设计和施工提供一定的参考。     

工程堆积体坡面砾石分布及含量概化

为室内试验中更好地模拟工程堆积体,利用图像分析法和经典统计学方法对6大典型水蚀区的368座工程堆积体中粒径D1cm的坡面砾石的分布和含量进行概化分析,得到工程堆积体下垫面上中下坡位砾石含量的概化区间。结果表明:工程堆积体坡面各粒径砾石含量大多服从正态分布,且山区和平原丘陵区之间的砾石总含量有显著性差异。工程堆积体坡面砾石重力分选作用明显,且随着砾石粒径的增加,分选程度增大。在室内进行工程堆积体下垫面设计时,山区堆积体的砾石总含量宜设置在50%~60%,其中,细粒砾石含量宜设置在20%~30%,中粒砾石含量宜设置在10%~15%,粗粒砾石和巨粒砾石含量宜设置为10%,堆积体上中下坡位坡面砾石含量配比宜设置为1∶1.3∶1.5;平原丘陵区的砾石总含量宜设置在15%~20%,其中细粒砾石、中粒砾石、粗粒砾石、巨粒砾石含量分别宜设置为5%~10%,3%~7%,2%~5%,2%~3%,堆积体上中下坡位坡面砾石含量配比宜设置为1∶1.5∶2.5。     

保护性措施对农田土壤风蚀影响的室内风洞模拟

为寻求合理的保护性耕作措施,试验设计了砾石覆盖、秸秆覆盖、覆盖与留茬组合的措施和4个风速等变量,研究风速、覆盖物和覆盖度与风蚀量、抗风蚀效率、风沙流结构的关系,比较多种措施之间的抗风蚀效果优劣.结果表明:1)4个设定风速下30％ ～ 90％覆盖度的秸秆覆盖的抗风蚀效率在54％ ～ 92％之间,砾石覆盖为26％～72％,30％的砾石覆盖或30％的秸秆覆盖与3种留茬高度的组合措施下,平均抗风蚀效率均在70％ ～ 78％之间;2)随着覆盖度的增加,砾石覆盖措施最小可抑制的有效风速值从8.0 m/s逐渐增大到12.5 m/s,秸秆覆盖措施从10.1m/s增加到了14.3 m/s;3)覆盖处理下0～62 cm高度内的输沙量大部分集中在0～26 cm;4)覆盖与留茬组合措施的输沙量多集中在60 cm以内.     

Large scale sand saltation over hard surface:a controlled experiment in still air

Saltation is the major particle movement type in wind erosion process. Saltating sand grains can rebound up to tens of times larger in length and height over hard surface(such as gravel surface) than over loose sand surface. Gravels usually have different faces, causing distinct response of the impacting grains, but the effects of the grain and gravel-surface contact angle on grain rebound are not yet well quantified. We performed full-range controlled experiments of grain saltation using different contact angles, grain sizes and impact speeds in still air, to show that contact angle increases the height of representative saltation path but decreases particle travel length. The results were compared with outputs from the COMprehensive numerical model of SALTation(COMSALT). Large saltation height of 4.8 m and length of 9.0 m were recorded. The maximum and representative saltation height over the gravel surface were found to be about 4.9 times and 12.8 times those over the loose sandy surface, respectively. The maximum saltation length may be reduced by 58% and the representative saltation height may be increased by 77% as contact angle increases from 20° to 40°. We further showed that the collision inertia contributes 60% of the saltation length, and wind contributes to the other 40%. These quantitative findings have important implications for modeling saltation trajectory over gravel surface.     

污水芦苇碎石床处理出水养鱼回用技术研究

通过直接建造在鱼塘内的芦苇碎石床处理城市污水后,再抽鱼塘底层水回流到芦苇碎石床上进行再处理的试验研究表明,这种处理可使鱼塘水质达到卫生养鱼的水质标准。这一回用技术是安全可行的,有较好的经济效益。     

砾石层中适宜选用的钻进方法

本文作者结合工程实践,简单明确的对在不同地区、砾石层中的钻进方法进行了论述。     

Substrate composition determines emergence success and development of European nase larvae (Chondrostoma nasus L.)

European nase (Chondrostoma nasus) is a specialist riverine fish, characterised by a complex life cycle making it vulnerable to habitat degradation. Recent findings indicate that, analogously to salmonids, the interstitial zone quality may pose a serious bottleneck for successful recruitment of this species. In this study, nase eggs were exposed to different substrate qualities. First, standardised substrate mixtures with differing fine sediment additions were used. Second, we tested different homogenous gravel fractions for their influence on egg development and emergence success. In both setups, substrate composition significantly affected emergence success, timing of emergence and larvae size at emergence. In the substrate mixtures, emergence was most successful in substratum with no fine sediment addition (98%) and decreased to 55% in substratum with 20% fine sediment addition. Emergence was most successful in the coarsest fraction (93%) and decreased to 47% in the finest fraction. Over all treatments, the time between hatching and emergence from substrate differed by up to 156 degree days, thereby indicating that free embryos of nase use the shelter of the interstitial zone for early ontogeny. These results suggest that a loose and porous stream bed can positively contribute to the development success of eggs and larvae and thereby potentially improve the recruitment of nase populations. It is thus important to consider the substrate and interstitial conditions in the conservation and restoration management of this rheophilic cyprinid.