南疆喀什市温室蔬菜病虫害种类及发生情况初步分析

为了分析南疆喀什市温室蔬菜病虫害种类及发生情况,2017年在喀什市进行了温室蔬菜病虫害调查,共调查了21种蔬菜,其中在16种蔬菜上共发现了12种病害,在15种蔬菜上共发现了4种虫害。综合来看,为害南疆喀什市温室蔬菜的主要病害种类为煤污病、腐烂病、白粉病以及病毒病,主要虫害种类为斑潜蝇、白粉虱和菜蛾。结合当地生产实际情况,分析了温室蔬菜病虫害的发生特点和发生原因,初步构建了喀什市温室蔬菜病虫害综合防治技术体系。     

Comparison of cholesterol levels among lipoprotein fractions separated by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography in periparturient Holstein–Friesian dairy cows

Changes in lipoprotein profiles occur in dairy cows during the periparturient period and in cows with transition cow disease. Here, the lipoprotein profiles of Holstein–Friesian dairy cows during the periparturient period were obtained by anion-exchange, high-performance liquid chromatography to evaluate the usefulness of lipoprotein profile evaluation during the periparturient period and in cows with fatty liver and milk fever. Lipoprotein levels (including total and high- (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) cholesterol) in 10 healthy cows were low 4 weeks prepartum, with the lowest values at calving or within 1 week of calving; the values increased at 8 weeks postpartum. The lipoprotein levels were measured in 16 cows diagnosed with fatty liver (n=10) or milk fever (n=6) and compared to 10 healthy dairy cows. A significant difference was observed in HDL-C between healthy cows (at calving and 1 week postpartum), and the fatty liver and milk fever cows. Cows with fatty liver and milk fever had a lower mean HDL-C than the 10 healthy dairy cows at calving and 1 week postpartum. HDL-C might be a good indicator of energy balance for differentiating healthy cows from those with transition cow disease.     

农药自动混药装置的研究现状与展望

目前,我国农作物病虫害防治主要依靠施用农药,现有的大多数农药剂型需要加水稀释,配制成一定浓度后再施用。近年,我国农业航空迅速发展,对农业航空的智能化农业机械装备的需求变得非常迫切。系统总结了农药自动混药装置类型以及农药自动混药装置特点,通过对农药自动混药装置研究发展概况分析,阐明了国内农药自动混药装置所存在的问题,展望未来农药混药装置的发展趋势,为后续的研究方向奠定基础。     

3株鸽源新城疫病毒的分子特征及对鸽的致病性

2011―2013年在新城疫流行病学调查中分离到3株鸽源新城疫病毒(SDS,SD01和SD02),为了进一步了解其生物学特性和遗传进化规律,对3株病毒进行了测序和生物活性分析,并对分离株SDS对鸽的致病性进行了评价。结果表明,毒株SDS基因组全长为15192 bp,基因排列方式为3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′,3个分离株F蛋白裂解位点氨基酸序列均为¹¹²RRQKRF¹¹⁷,具有典型的新城疫强毒的分子特征。系统进化分析表明这3个毒株与基因Ⅵ型NDV毒株聚于一簇,属于ClassⅡ系Ⅵb基因型。3个分离株F蛋白的融合肽和七肽重复区,HN蛋白的抗原中和表位存在多处突变,与单克隆抗体1E5、2F10的反应性也发生改变,表明3个分离株与疫苗株LaSota有明显的抗原差异。SDS攻毒试验结果显示,试验鸽自攻毒后5 d出现明显的临床症状,滴鼻组和肌肉注射组的死亡率分别为60%和70%;病死鸽剖检可见脑膜充血出血,腺胃乳头、腺胃肌胃交界及肠道出血,肝脏肿大,脾有淤血斑。滴鼻组在攻毒后5~14 d于喉头和泄殖腔检出排毒,而肌肉注射组在攻毒后3~14 d于喉头和泄殖腔有排毒。     

生长素调控因子OsGRF4协同调控水稻粒形和稻瘟病抗性

【目的】水稻粒形为多基因控制的复杂数量性状,同时影响稻谷产量和稻米外观及碾磨品质,挖掘粒形相关基因并解析其遗传机制,对于水稻高产和优质品种选育具有重要意义。【方法】以前期利用大粒籼稻品种特大籼(TDX)为供体亲本、小粒粳稻品种日本晴(Nipponbare,NPB)为轮回亲本获得的一个大粒近等基因系,在水稻第2染色体上初定位粒形调控基因GS2.2(grain size 2.2)的基础上,对GS2.2基因进行了精细定位和候选功能基因的克隆鉴定。【结果】利用BC₄F₂群体中2887份极小粒单株及该群体中70份基因型杂合的大粒单株自交获得的BC₄F₃群体,将GS2.2基因精细定位在2M-7-1与2M-9之间的160.6 kb的区间内。该区间编码18个基因开放阅读框(ORF1-18)。测序发现ORF18基因在大粒近等基因系与小粒日本晴等位基因间存在5个SNP差异,ORF18编码生长素调控因子蛋白OsGRF4。采用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术对大粒近等基因系中ORF18进行敲除,发现ORF18敲除株系粒长变短,证实ORF18是GS2.2的功能基因。进一步对ORF18大粒近等基因系和基因编辑敲除株系进行稻瘟菌室内离体和病圃接种鉴定,发现ORF18大粒近等基因系稻瘟病抗性增强,而基因编辑敲除株系稻瘟病抗性减弱,表明ORF18正调控水稻稻瘟病抗性。【结论】本研究发现的生长素调控因子OsGRF4协同调控水稻粒形和稻瘟病抗性,为协调水稻高产和抗性育种提供了重要的基因资源。     

辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌生物学特性及抑菌药剂筛选

研究辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌的生物学特性,对病原菌进行室内药剂筛选,旨在为田间病害规律研究和病害防治提供依据。采用紫外分光光度计测定病原菌在不同温度、pH、NaCl浓度下的生长速率。采用滤纸片抑菌圈法对病原菌进行室内药剂筛选试验。结果表明,辣椒细菌性果实条斑病菌最适生长温度为28℃,最适pH 7.0,病原菌的耐盐性为12%。18种供试药剂在药剂推荐使用剂量范围内,四霉素、乙蒜素、77%志信、氯溴异氰尿酸4种药剂对病原菌有抑菌效果,对这4种药剂进行毒力测定,结果表明四霉素的毒力较强,EC₅₀值为11.75 mg/L,毒力强于其他3种试剂,四霉素可作为田间防治药剂的首选。     

柑橘褐斑病菌对不同抗性柑橘品种防御酶活性的影响

以柑橘褐斑病高抗品种Lw8,中抗品种L2,高感品种Lw14为实验材料,通过孢子喷雾法使柑橘褐斑病菌感染柑橘叶片,研究接菌0d、1d、2d、3d、6d、8d、10d时,柑橘叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、几丁质酶(CHT)酶和β-1,3葡聚糖酶(GLU)含量及活性变化规律与品种抗病性的关系。结果表明,接种前,两个抗病品种Lw8、L2中的POD、SOD、PAL、PPO 、GLU、CHT活性显著高于高感品种Lw14,CAT活性则与高感品种Lw14相近；接种后,3个不同抗性品种中SOD、POD、CAT、PAL、PPO 、GLU、CHT 7种防御酶活性较对照明显提高,但不同品种增加幅度不一致,除CAT外,其余6种防御酶活性均表现为抗病品种Lw8、L2增幅显著高于高感品种Lw14,且两个抗病品种一般在接菌3d内6种防御酶活性迅速升高并达到峰值；而高感品种Lw14防御酶(除CAT外)活性或增幅较小或较两个抗病品种滞后。本研究初步探讨了不同抗性品种接种褐斑病菌后7种防御酶的活性动态变化与柑橘品种抗病性关系,为进一步研究其抗病机理奠定基础。     

Effect of endothelin-1 on inflammation and oxidative stress in COPD

AIM:To investigate the effect of endothelin-1 on inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS:Healthy non-smokers (30 cases), healthy smokers (30 cases) and COPD patients (29 cases) were collected and induced to produce sputum. The concentration of endothelin-1 in the induced sputum was detected. The model of emphysema was established by cigarette smoke extract to stimulate SD rats. Endothelin A receptor antagonist BQ123 and non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan were used to intervene with the model rats. The experiment was divided into control group, cigarette-treated group, selective antagonist group and non-selective antagonist group. The protein levels of cleaved caspase-3 in the lung tissue were determined by Western blot. Gelatin zymography was used to analyze the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in the lung tissue. The levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured by ELISA. The bioantioxidant power (BAP) was detected by BAP assay kit. RESULTS:The concentrations of endothelin-1 in induced sputum of healthy smokers and COPD patients were significantly higher than that of healthy non-smokers (P<0.05), and the level of endothelin-1 in COPD patients was significantly higher than that in healthy smokers (P<0.05). The levels of cleaved caspase-3, MMP-2, MMP-9, TNF-α and IL-1β in the lung tissues from cigarette-treated group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05). The endothelin A receptor antagonist significantly inhibited the levels of cleaved caspase-3, MMP-2, MMP-9, TNF-α and IL-1β (P<0.05). The serum BAP in cigarette-treated group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.05). However, endothelin A receptor antagonist significantly increased serum BAP (P<0.05). CONCLUSION:Endothelin-1 may play an important role in the development and progression of COPD through regulating apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinase activity, inflammation and oxidative stress.     

Effects of Panax ginseng extract in practical diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on growth performance,immune response and resistance to Yersinia ruckeri

In a preliminary in vitro study, a Panax ginseng extract exhibited an evident antibacterial activity against Yersinia ruckeri and Lactococcus garvieae and affected the respiratory burst and proliferation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leukocytes. Subsequently, the effects of a dietary ginseng extract supplementation on growth, blood biochemical profile, innate immune response and resistance against Y. ruckeri infection were investigated in vivo in rainbow trout juveniles. Four experimental diets were obtained by adding 0.0%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03% of ginseng ethanolic extract to a commercial feed. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (mean body weight 30.5 ± 0.15 g) at 1% of body weight day^?1 for 10 weeks. The dietary supplementation with ginseng extract did not affect growth performance, feed utilization, biometric traits and fish whole body composition (P > 0.05). No major changes due to graded levels of ginseng extract in the diet were observed in blood biochemical parameters except for increasing plasma triglycerides and non‐esterified fatty acids in fish fed diets including 0.01% and 0.02% of extract (P < 0.05). The innate immune response was barely modulated by the dietary addition of ginseng extract. Serum lysozyme and leukocytes respiratory burst activities were just slightly increased in fish fed all the ginseng extract‐supplemented diets compared with controls, whereas serum antiproteases and leukocyte MPO were not affected (P > 0.05). The dietary administration of ginseng extract induced a reduction in mortality of rainbow trout infected with Y. ruckeri, although no significant differences between treated and control groups were observed (P > 0.05).