高原环境条件下柴油机增压与喷油参数协同优化

增压与喷油是影响柴油机高海拔性能最直接的因素。为了优化柴油机不同海拔条件下增压与喷油系统协同控制策略,建立了二级可变截面增压柴油机GT-Power仿真模型,计算得到了柴油机运行各工况数据。将神经网络与仿真数据相结合,以动力性为优化目标,得到不同海拔条件下增压与喷油系统协同优化规律。研究结果表明:相比于原机,喷油参数经过优化后,最佳循环喷油量增加,增加量呈现出自最大转矩转速点向两侧逐渐增大的趋势。最佳喷油提前角,在2 500和5 500 m低转速下平均分别增加了1和1.5℃A,在中高转速下,平均分别减小了25.2%和17.5%。相比于原机,最佳可变截面的涡轮增压器(variable geometry turbocharged,VGT)叶片开度增大,但增大趋势在不同海拔略有不同,0 m海拔时,增加幅度随转速增加而增大,5500 m低转速时,开度不变,中高转速时,VGT开度增加幅度随转速增加呈现先增大后减小。增压与喷油参数协同优化后,0 m海拔时,VGT叶片开度和喷油量增大,喷油提前角减小,5 500 m海拔时,低转速下VGT叶片开度不变,循环喷油量和喷油提前角增大,中高转速下VGT叶片开度和循环喷油量增大,喷油提前角减小。     

Contribution of forest floor fractions to carbon storage and abundance patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonisation in a tropical montane forest

Forest floor carbon stocks, which include different components of litter, hemic and sapric materials, have not been empirically quantified in tropical montane forest, although they influence soil carbon (C) pools. To date, the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizae in C sequestration potentials in tropical montane forests have not been clearly investigated. This study determined the amount of C stocks in the different decomposing layers of forest floor, mainly litter, hemic and sapric materials. The abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonisation differed among forest floor fractions. Forest floor was measured for depth, area density, dry mass and carbon fraction separately in Sungai Kial Forest Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia to calculate C stocks. Percentages of root colonisation in the hemic and sapric materials were investigated. The results showed that forest floor C stocks were significantly higher in hemic (5 Mg C ha^?1) and sapric (7.7 Mg C ha^?1) compared with the litter fragments (1.5 Mg C ha^?1). Mycorrhizal root colonisation was significantly higher (75%) in the toeslope compared with the summit area in the hemic materials. Segregation of forest floor layers provided greater accuracy in forest floor C stocks reporting.     

北京山地不同海拔人工油松林枯落物及其土壤水文效应

本文对北京山地4个海拔梯度（480,540,690,820 m）的人工油松（Pinus Tabuliformis）林枯落物层及土壤层水文效应进行研究,结果表明:枯落物总蓄积量、最大持水量、有效拦蓄能力均随海拔先升高而后减小,最大持水率随海拔升高先减小而后增大,枯落物总储量在10.63～31.42 t/hm²之间,最大持水量在17.27～37.17 t/hm²之间,有效拦蓄能力在6.72 ～28.71 t/hm²之间,最大持水率在164.32%～185.77%之间。枯落物持水量与浸泡时间呈明显的对数关系（R > 0.93）,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈明显的幂函数关系（R > 0.73）。土壤容重随海拔的升高而增大,变化范围为0.97～1.22 g/cm³,总孔隙度随海拔的升高而减小,土壤层有效持水量随海拔的升高而减小,土壤入渗速率与入渗时间呈明显幂函数关系（R > 0.96）。综合分析各项因子,低海拔地区的油松人工林水源涵养能力普遍高于高海拔。     

变海拔柴油机可变喷嘴增压系统控制策略研究

根据柴油机的变海拔性能恢复目标,通过热力学分析,对某V型6缸柴油机增压系统运行参数进行估算,确定了可变喷嘴式的增压系统方案,并选择了合适的匹配点,完成了涡轮增压器的选配。基于原机结构参数,采用GT-Power软件建立了性能仿真模型并完成了校核,分别计算了匹配可变喷嘴增压系统的柴油机外特性和部分负荷的变海拔性能,最终确定了增压系统的全工况控制策略。研究结果表明:在外特性工况下,基于高海拔匹配的增压系统通过采用较小的喷嘴环开度可以满足增压系统的功耗需求,实现柴油机的变海拔功率恢复目标;随着海拔的降低,增压系统可以根据进气功耗的变化适当增大喷嘴环开度来实现增压系统变海拔控制目标,同时,保证柴油机的正常运行;在全工况范围内,随着海拔的上升,柴油机对应工况点的喷嘴环开度逐渐减小,在3 000 m以上海拔的高负荷工况采用最小喷嘴环开度。随着负荷的降低,最低燃油消耗运行点从低海拔低转速区偏移至高海拔低转速区。