Occurrence of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge and their Behaviour in Soils and Plants. Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter Part 2: Investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants -  Preamble. In Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludges. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil and their uptake by plants. Background, Aim and Scope   Polycyclic Musks (PCMs) enter the environment via the waste water system. Because of their persistence, they can accumulate in different matrices like sewage sludge or biota. By the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, PCMs are transferred to agricultural soils. Therefore, in Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludge. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 of the study examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil, and their uptake by plants. Materials and Methods: In the screening study, samples of activated sewage sludge were taken both in summer and in winter at 21 treatment plants. In order to get an overview of the contamination situation, sampling covered different types of treatment plants (in rural, urban, industrial areas). Analytical methods for the determination of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATTN, AHDI and ATII in the sludge samples were developed and applied. Results: The analytical screening of PCMs showed their presence in activated and dried sewage sludge samples. HHCB and AHTN represented about 95% of the PCMs investigated. Their concentrations in the activated sludge samples varied between 2.9 and 10.4 mg/kg dry mass (dm) and 1.1 to 4.2 mg/kg dm, respectively. Although different types of sewage treatment plants were investigated, similar PCM levels were found, showing the widespread input of these compounds into domestic waste water. Discussion: PCM concentrations in activated sludge varied widely. The variation drops substantially when concentrations are related to the varying dry mass. In dehydrated sludge, PCM concentrations were up to 24 mg/kg dm for HHCB and up to 6.9 mg/kg dm for AHTN. These high values are comparable to those obtained in other investigations analysing PCMs. If the degradation of organic mass during anaerobic decomposition is included in the evaluation, the figures obtained are comparable to those for activated sludge. Elimination in sewage sludge was higher in summer than in winter. Therefore, the contamination of the sludges in winter reached higher levels compared to the summer. Conclusions: The results show that PCMs are widespread contaminants in sewage sludge. Recommendations and Perspectives: PCM should be considered in a risk assessment as potential contaminants of sewage sludge destined for agricultural use. Due to the high PCM levels in sewage sludge, further investigations into the degradation and elimination behaviour in sewage sludge have to be carried out, including that involving PCM metabolites such as lactone derivatives.     

柚核中柠檬苦素纯化工艺的研究

以乙醇为提取溶剂,采用超声波辅助提取柚核中柠檬苦素,通过正交试验对提取工艺进行优化,并采用大孔吸附树脂纯化柠檬苦素。最佳提取条件为:料液比1∶10,超声时间30min,乙醇体积分数70%,超声提取2次。4020型大孔树脂分离纯化提取液的最佳工艺条件为:吸附流速1mL/min,体积分数70%的乙醇洗脱,解吸流速0.7mL/min,纯化后得到柠檬苦素的质量分数达83.77%。该工艺分离纯化效果好,成本低。     

竹炭对生物油模型组分的吸附特性试验

以竹子为前躯体热解制得竹炭,选取糠醛、乙酸、苯酚、葡萄糖为生物油模型化合物,研究竹炭对生物油模型组成各单组分的静态吸附特性及双、四组分混合下的竞争吸附行为。结果表明：竹炭对不同组分的吸附特性存在较大差异;单组分吸附24h,竹炭对糠醛的吸附量最大,乙酸次之,对葡萄糖的吸附量最小;吸附平衡时,竹炭对苯酚的吸附量将超过乙酸;糠醛-葡萄糖双组分竞争下,竹炭对糠醛显示出强烈的选择性吸附特征;4种组分竞争下,各组分吸附量相对单组分均有所下降,其中乙酸降幅最大,且乙酸等物质在吸附过程中出现浓度突变现象,这可能是因为吸附性能较好的糠醛将已经吸附的乙酸从竹炭上置换下来;在选用的所有试验工况下,竹炭对葡萄糖均表现出低的吸附态势。     

不同液土比和温度条件下塿土铵离子吸附

Effects of NH₄⁺ concentration, solution/soil ratio and temperature on NH₄⁺ adsorption were studied in a Eum-Orthic Anthrosol. The slopes of the soil NH₄⁺ adsorption isotherms and the fitted n, the coefficient for the adsorption intensity, and k, the coefficient related to adsorption capacity, of the Freundlich equation increased with increasing solution/soil ratio (SSR) and with decreasing temperature (T). For the range of experimental conditions, the value of ∂q/∂c, the rate of change of the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase (q) with respect to the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ in soil solution (c), was 0.840, indicating that q increased with increasing c. From 2 to 45 ℃, ∂q/∂SSR, the rate of change of q with respect to SSR, decreased from 2.598 to 1.996, showing that q increased with increasing SSR, while its increasing rate decreased with temperature. From SSR 1:1 to 20:1, ∂q/∂T, the rate of change of q with respect to T, decreased from -0.095 to -0.361, indicating that q decreased with increasing temperature, and at the same time the negative effect of temperature became larger as SSR increased. Thus under the experimental conditions the order of importance in determining the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase was ∂q/∂SSR > ∂q/∂c > |∂q/∂T|, indicating that the greatest effect on the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed was with the solution/soil ratio; the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ had a lesser effect; and temperature had the least effect.     

左氧氟沙星在铁氧化物表面的吸附：动力学和pH的影响

通过批吸附动力学、等温吸附试验,并结合X射线光电子能谱(XPS)技术和衰减全反射-傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATRFTIR),揭示不同pH下左氧氟沙星(LEV)在铁氧化物表面的吸附机制。结果表明：溶液pH对LEV在针铁矿表面的吸附影响较大,不同pH下,其吸附动力学更符合准二级动力学模型(R²>0.98)。在pH为4时,3 h左右达到吸附平衡,而在pH为8时,12 h达到吸附平衡,并且pH为4的吸附量约是pH为8的2倍。XPS和ATR-FTIR的结果一致表明,静电作用和化学吸附是其主要吸附机制,在低pH(pH为4)时,LEV在针铁矿表面主要以单核双齿形态被吸附,在高pH(pH为8)时,主要以双核双齿形态被吸附。在中间pH(pH为6)时,由于静电排斥作用,导致其吸附量最大。     

福建红壤的磷素吸附及磷肥效应

土壤施用稻草后，土壤最大吸磷量（Ｍ）增加１８．４％－３０．７％，吸附能常数（Ｋ）下降５６．１％－６３．６％．加入酒石酸、草酸、柠檬酸对土壤Ｍ的影响不明显，Ｋ值则下降５５．６％－６４．６％．影响土壤Ｍ的主要因子是活性铁、晶质铁、腐殖质、粘粒（＜０．００１ｍｍ）；影响Ｋ的主要因子是土壤全磷。晶质铁、腐殖质．连续种植３季作物后，土壤Ｍ变化不大，土壤Ｋ值则显著增加．土壤Ｋ和Ｍ与第１季小麦及第２季油菜磷肥回收率呈显著或极显著负相关，与第３季水稻磷肥回收率则无明显的关系．     

粉砂壤土对铵离子的吸附特性

平衡状态下粉砂壤土吸附铵离子的实验结果表明，土壤溶液中NH4＋的质量浓度产ρ（NH4＋）影响土壤对NH4＋的吸附模式。当ρ（NH4＋）低于某一数值ρk（NH4＋）时土壤中的NH4＋将被溶解到土壤溶液中；当ρ（NH4＋）较大时土壤对NH4＋的吸附作用可用Langmir吸附模式描述；当ρ（NH4＋）较小（但大于ρk（NH4＋）时，土壤对NH4＋的吸附作用可用线性等温的Frundlich吸附公式描述。     

铁铝氧化物吸附磷的研究

用得到x-射线衍射及电子显微镜和红外光谱确证的人工合成针铁矿与三水铝石进行磷吸附的研究。结果表明,针铁矿和三水铝石具有强烈吸附磷的能力,所得吸附数据可用吸附等温方程——Langmuir方程,Freu-ndlich方程和Temkin方程描述,Langmuir方程的适用性较好。从方程得到的吸附参数Xm值和a值,三水铝石要比针铁矿高一倍,其ΔG值也高于针铁矿。这两种人工合成矿物的吸附参数同天然的高岭石、蒙脱石明显不同。此外,在高pH时,这两种合成矿物吸附的磷量均少于低pH时的吸附量,而当有竞争离子腐殖质或氟离子存在时,它们仍然能够强烈地吸附磷。     

压缩-热处理联合改性对杨木尺寸稳定性的影响

为改善杨木质软、强度低的特点,同时提高其尺寸稳定性,首先对杨木试样进行压缩处理,再进行热处理,并检测压缩杨木和热处理压缩杨木的吸湿、吸水膨胀率.结果表明:压缩率愈大,压缩杨木试样厚度方向和体积膨胀率愈大;经热处理后,试样的尺寸稳定性明显提高.     

竹炭陶的制备及其气体吸附和调湿性能

基于开发和利用生物质竹炭材料,以竹炭粉、凹凸棒、硅藻土等为原料,制备竹炭陶瓷复合材料,从而避免传统炭吸附材料易碎和粉尘污染的缺点。首先,将原料通过陶瓷造粒工艺制备成直径为2~5 mm的小球;然后,在N 2气氛中1250℃下烧结为竹炭陶小球,并对其结构和吸附性能进行了研究。XRD测试结果表明,竹炭陶瓷复合材料在烧结前后并未改变竹炭陶晶体结构。原料的SEM测试结果表明,竹炭粉在微观结构上存在1μm左右的大孔,其中硅藻土的微观形貌为多孔圆盘状结构,圆盘的直径分布在20~50μm,孔道直径在0.1~1.2μm;竹炭陶的SEM测试结果表明,断面结构疏松多孔,经过复合和烧结后,仍然保持了原有的孔道结构,保障了竹炭陶的吸附性能。BET法测试结果表明,竹炭陶的比表面积达到118.54 m^2/g。吸附性能测试表明,竹炭陶对水分吸附率达到22.0%,对甲醛、氨气及硫化氢等有害气体的吸附率分别达到87.7%,94.6%和96.3%。实验结果表明,竹炭陶具有良好的吸湿和气体吸附性能,是一种良好的空气净化材料,在室内环境和水处理等方面具有广阔的应用前景。