Phenanthrene sorption by compost humic acids

Nonlinear isotherms were observed for sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to humic materials, but the exact sorption mechanism is not clearly understood. This study aimed to investigate the sorption of PAHs by compost humic materials. Humic acids (HAs) were progressively extracted from two compost samples by a 0.1-M sodium pyrophosphate solution. Sorption of phenanthrene by the extracted HAs was studied with a batch equilibration technique. Competitive sorption between pyrene and phenanthrene in the HAs was also examined. Elemental analysis and solid-state ¹³C NMR were used to characterize HAs. All sorption isotherms were nonlinear although these samples contained little black carbons if any. Isotherm linearity increased with increasing number of extractions. Isotherm nonlinearity was negatively related to HA aliphaticity. Addition of pyrene to the phenanthrene-HA system increased isotherm linearity. Competition between phenanthrene and pyrene sorption was more pronounced in the first fraction of HAs with a higher content of aromatic moieties. This study showed that humic materials alone could lead to nonideal sorption for PAHs.     

二丁颗粒的水提醇沉工艺研究

[目的]通过水提醇沉法的正交试验优化中药复方制剂二丁颗粒的制备工艺。[方法]采用药典中的水煎煮法制备中药液,采用醇沉法进行精制,以秦皮乙素的含量和出膏率为评价指标,通过正交试验对浓缩浓度、乙醇浓度、静置时间3个因素进行优化。[结果]影响精制结果的因素为浓缩浓度和乙醇浓度,由于静置时间没有显著差异,又从降低成本及节省时间等方面综合考虑,确定最佳工艺条件为:浸膏浓缩浓度为2 g/m L,乙醇浓度为80%,静置时间为18 h。[结论]试验结果为二丁颗粒的剂型改良提供了理论依据。     

土壤菲胁迫对高丹草幼苗生长和叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

通过研究土壤菲胁迫对高丹草（Sorghum bicolor×S.sudanense）幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光特性以及光能分配参数的影响,探讨了土壤菲胁迫下高丹草幼苗的光保护机制。结果表明：低于50mg·kg^-1的土壤菲浓度对高丹草幼苗生长及光合作用的抑制作用较小,当浓度大于50mg·kg^-1时,幼苗生长随着菲浓度的增加受到明显抑制,且对地下部的抑制作用大于地上部。幼苗叶片叶绿素含量随土壤菲浓度增加而降低,且叶绿素a相对于叶绿素b对土壤菲胁迫更敏感。土壤菲胁迫降低了PSⅡ反应中心活性和电子传递能力,导致其光能利用能力降低,特别是对高光强的利用能力下降。最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）的变化幅度较小,即幼苗叶片未发生明显的光抑制现象。土壤菲胁迫明显改变了高丹草幼苗叶片PSⅡ反应中心光能分配参数,用于光化学反应的量子产额（Y_PSⅡ）降低,而依赖于类囊体膜两侧质子梯度叶黄素循环的量子产额（Y_NPQ）增加,即幼苗叶片启动了依赖于叶黄素循环的非辐射能量耗散机制来保护PSⅡ的正常生理功能,降低光合电子传递链上的压力,另外失活PSⅡ反应中心的热耗散量子产额（Y_NF）仅在土壤菲浓度达300mg·kg^-1时有小幅增加,说明土壤菲胁迫仅仅造成PSⅡ反应中心活性的降低,并未使PSⅡ反应中心大量失活。     

温和提取法评估老化前后土壤中菲的生物有效性

采用温和溶剂提取方法对不同老化时间土壤中的菲进行提取,研究了正丁醇、二氯甲烷、2-羟丙基-β-环糊精(2-Hydroxypropyl-beta cyclodextrin,HPCD)提取量与生物吸收之间的相关性。结果表明,温和有机溶剂(二氯甲烷、正丁醇)提取与温和HPCD提取法对菲的提取量与蚯蚓蓄积量有很好的相关性(p<0.05)。与其他温和试剂提取相比,温和正丁醇提取可以更好地预测菲在土壤中的生物有效性。     

拟南芥对多环芳烃菲胁迫的早期响应

选用模式植物拟南芥及3环的多环芳烃菲为材料, 研究了抗氧化酶和膜保护系统的早期响应及胁迫下相关基因mRNA的差异表达, 结果表明: 菲胁迫12 h时, 拟南芥叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性明显高于对照, 清除超氧阴离子自由基()及过量H2O2的机制已启动.胁迫72 h时H2O2含量出现累积现象, 但膜系统仍未受到膜脂过氧化作用的明显伤害.随着胁迫时间的延长, 拟南芥的光合作用无论在mRNA水平还是细胞水平都受到影响.本研究揭示了氧化胁迫响应是植物对多环芳烃胁迫的重要早期应激反应.     

Prospects of Miscanthus x giganteus for PAH phytoremediation: A microcosm study

Phytoremediation of large surface areas using crop cultivation appears as an attractive strategy to allow for long-term but economically viable site rehabilitation programs. The contribution of Miscanthus x giganteus root exudates to the biostimulation of PAH degradation was recently demonstrated using in vitro assays. The aim of this work was to characterize the phytoremediation potential of this perennial grass in the situation of PAH polluted soils. For this purpose, three factors affecting bioremediation, namely the nature of soil organic contaminants (spiked phenanthrene and pyrene each at 100 mg/kg dry soil), bioaugmentation (with a PAH-degrading microflora) and planting (with Miscanthus x giganteus), were arranged according to a full factorial design in pot experiments. Effects of each factor (alone or in combination) were assessed on soil bacterial communities (total culturable bacteria and PAH-degrader enumerations, 16S rDNA molecular diversity analysis) and PAH dissipation. Results showed that contamination was the main factor positively influencing the development of degrader populations. Phenanthrene dissipation was observed regardless the presence of plants or initial PAH-degrading bacterial inoculum whereas significant decreases in pyrene contents were positively influenced by bioaugmentation and to a lesser extent by planting. The ability of plants to maintain a degrading rhizosphere microflora thus enhancing the dissipation of recalcitrant compounds in polluted soils would deserve further investigations.     

沉积物中多环芳研究进展

综述了沉积物中多环芳烃的来源及分布,以及多环芳烃在沉积物中分配和吸附解吸行为,为相应的研究做指导,并提出有待于进一步研究的一些问题。     

木质素对废水中菲的吸附

[目的]研究木质素对废水中菲的吸附特性。[方法]通过木质素对废水中菲的吸附试验,考察缓冲液、温度、pH值、初始浓度、吸附时间等对于木质素对菲的吸附特性的影响。[结果]木质素对菲的吸附属于快吸附过程。在相同温度下,木质素对菲的吸附在酸性和中性环境下变化不明显,在碱性环境下对木质素吸附菲有明显的促进效果;在相同初始pH值条件下,木质素对菲的吸附作用随温度的升高而增强,且这种影响随pH值的升高逐渐增强。f结论]木质素对菲具有较强的吸附能力。     

Comparison for plant uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene from soil and water

In this study, we evaluated (1) the plant uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil and water and (2) the applicability of the partition-limited model on the prediction of plant concentrations with respect to PAH contents in soils and other associated parameters. To accomplish these goals, the plant uptake of PAHs from culture solution and soils were extensively experimented. A steady state was shown for ryegrass kinetic uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene from water after about 48 h. As to the ryegrass uptake from soils, root and shoot concentrations of PAHs generally increased, while root concentration factors (RCFs) and shoot concentration factors (SCFs) tended to decrease with the increasing PAH concentrations in soils after 45 days. One note of interest is that root concentrations and RCFs of phenanthrene and pyrene for ryegrass uptake were larger than shoot concentrations and SCFs, irrespective of soil–plant and water–plant systems. However, root and shoot concentrations, or RCFs and SCFs, for ryegrass uptake from culture solution were always much higher than those for ryegrass uptake from soils at the same PAH concentrations in water or soil interstitial water, indicating that PAHs in culture solution would be more available and susceptible than those in soil interstitial water for uptake by plants. In addition, the partition-limited model showed a high level of model performance on prediction of plant uptake of phenanthrene and pyrene from soils, with the overall differences of the modeled and experimented concentrations in ryegrass roots or shoots less than 187%. This suggests that the partition-limited model might be a potentially useful instrument for vegetation-contamination assessment.     

长期不同施肥处理下黄泥土原土和团聚体颗粒组的菲含量变化

研究了太湖地区长期不同施肥处理下黄泥土团聚体颗粒组的组成、有机C含量,以及菲的分布和溶出特点.结果表明,不同施肥处理下,团聚体颗粒组均以0.25 ～ 0.02 mm所占比例最高,其质量分数范围为38.3% ～ 43.6%,而黏粒组所占比例最低仅为7.9% ～ 11.7%.另外,施用猪粪和秸秆可大幅度提高2.00 ～ 0.25 mm颗粒组所占的比例.而不同施肥处理下2.00 ～ 0.25 mm颗粒组的有机C含量最高,介于20.57 ～ 28.32 g/kg,并且施用猪粪和秸秆可提高原土和团聚体颗粒组的有机C含量.施肥处理对团聚体颗粒组的菲含量也有较大影响,以化肥区菲含量最高,其次为无肥区,常规区和秸秆区最低.而不同施肥处理下,菲在团聚体颗粒组中的分布具有相似的特征,主要分布在＜0.002 mm和2.00 ～ 0.25 mm两个颗粒组.长期施肥处理对原土和团聚体颗粒组菲的溶出无显著影响,在电解质作用下菲均无溶出.因此,长期不同施肥处理在影响团聚体颗粒组的组成、有机C含量的同时,也可对黄泥土团聚体颗粒组中的菲分布有着显著的影响.