盐胁迫对垂盆草生长和生理特性的影响

以垂盆草为材料,研究不同浓度NaCl[0(对照)、25、50、100、150、200 mmol/L]对垂盆草生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,随着NaC1浓度的增加,垂盆草鲜重、干重、含水量、K+含量、根Na+/叶Na+、叶的K+/Na+和SOD活性均呈下降趋势;而Na+、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、有机酸、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和质膜透性均呈上升趋势;叶绿素含量、硝酸还原酶活性呈先上升后下降趋势,而NO3-含量则呈相反的变化趋势.综合分析显示,盐胁迫对垂盆草生长有抑制作用,其耐盐阈值为100 mmol/L NaCl;盐胁迫下垂盆草通过积累Na+、有机酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、脯氨酸进行渗透调节.     

干旱胁迫对甜高粱幼苗渗透调节物质的影响

为探讨不同水分条件对甜高粱和普通高粱幼苗渗透调节物质的影响,以辽甜1号和辽杂10号为试验材料,采用桶栽人工控水试验方法,研究了不同水分处理甜高粱和普通高粱各渗透调节物质的动态变化,并探讨了这些指标与其抗旱性的关系.结果表明:随着水分胁迫的加剧,甜高粱的叶片保水能力、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量较普通高粱均有不同程度提高,...     

Growth and survival of eel leptocephali (Anguilla japonica) in low-salinity water

We investigated the effects of low-salinity water on the growth, survival, and activity of artificially reared Japanese eel larvae (Anguilla japonica), proceeding from the assumption that such water quality saves energy due to lower cost for osmoregulation. We reared 5-day-old larvae in 0%, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% seawater (SW) with or without diet for 13 days. All larvae reared in 0% and 10% SW died within 6 days, while larvae in 70% and 100% SW survived until 9 days. Larvae in 30% and 50% SW further survived until 13 days without diet. Significant growth in body depth was observed in 30% and 50% SW after 7 days rearing with diet (0.65 ± 0.02 and 0.62 ± 0.02 mm, respectively) as compared with the initial size (0.49 ± 0.03 mm), while no significant growth was observed under the other salinity conditions examined. Larvae swam actively in the light (about 2000 lx) in 50%, 70%, and 100% SW, while they were apparently inactive in 0%, 10%, and 30% SW. The long-term rearing trial showed a 2.2-fold higher 2-month cumulative survival rate in 50% SW (18.2%) than in 100% SW (8.2%). The body depth of larvae in 50% SW (1.58 ± 0.47 mm) was also significantly larger than in 100% SW (1.32 ± 0.35 mm). These findings indicate that the intermediate salinity can result in better growth and survival performance in Japanese eel larvae.     

长白山北坡蓝靛果忍冬渗透调节物质质量分数及抗氧化酶活性对海拔梯度的响应

以长白山北坡不同海拔梯度(800~1 800 m)蓝靛果忍冬(Lonicera caerulea L.)叶片为试验材料,通过分析其可溶性蛋白质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数、丙二醛(MDA)质量摩尔浓度、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随着海拔梯度的变化规律,以及与环境因子的相关性分析,探究其适应环境的生理生化机制。研究表明:可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖质量分数均随海拔的升高呈先升后降的变化,可溶性蛋白质量分数在海拔1 400 m处达到最大,为1.84 mg·g-1,可溶性糖质量分数在海拔1 600 m处达到最大,为37.40mg·g-1,可溶性蛋白质量分数主要受全K质量分数的影响,全K、全P、有机质质量分数是影响可溶性糖质量分数的主导因子。丙二醛质量摩尔浓度随海拔的升高呈升-降-升的趋势,海拔1 000 m和1 600 m处丙二醛质量摩尔浓度较低,分别为5.76、6.29μmol·g-1,水解N是影响丙二醛质量摩尔浓度的关键因子。随着海拔的升高,POD活性呈降-升-降的变化规律,最小值出现在海拔1 000 m处,为711.5 U·g-1·min-1,最大值出现在海拔1 600 m处,为4 189.8 U·g-1·min-1;CAT活性呈先升后降的趋势,最大值出现在1 600 m处,为274.034 U·g-1·min-1;SOD活性呈一直上升的变化趋势。POD活性主要受6—9月份降水影响;影响CAT活性的关键因子是积雪时间,有效P、全P质量分数;6—9月份降水量、全P质量分数是影响SOD活性的主导因子。     

葡萄浆果不同生长期对干旱胁迫敏感性变化的水分生理机制

用盆栽‘蛇龙珠’葡萄进行的试验表明,不同时期中等程度的分期干旱胁迫均诱导了果实的渗透调节。黎明时果实最高水势状况下,溶质势下降值在０．６ＭＰａ左右,压力势上升值为０．１～０．２ＭＰａ;在同样的含水量下,与对照相比,干旱胁迫后具渗透调节能力的果实具有更低的水势、更低的溶质势和更高的压力势。果实发育第Ⅰ期干旱胁迫在诱导了果实渗透调节的同时也诱导了细胞壁刚性的大幅度升高;复水后渗透调节能力和细胞壁刚性下降,生长速率仍然较低。第Ⅱ期胁迫没有显著改变此期果实压力势不高、细胞壁刚性较大的生理状况;而在第Ⅲ期复水后,细胞壁刚性下降,细胞扩张能力增大。第Ⅲ期干旱胁迫在更高的程度上维持了细胞的压力势。第Ⅰ、Ⅱ期和Ⅱ、Ⅲ期持续干旱胁迫使果实渗透调节能力下降乃至丧失,压力势下降,细胞壁刚性则大幅度升高。据以上结果讨论了葡萄果实不同生长期对干旱的敏感性变化的机制。     

亚精胺对渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗渗透调节物质含量和脯氨酸代谢酶活性的影响

为了探讨多胺提高小麦抗旱性的机理,以两个抗旱性不同的小麦品种(豫麦48,抗旱性较弱;洛麦22,抗旱性较强)为材料,研究了亚精胺对短期渗透胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片渗透调节物质含量以及脯氨酸代谢的调控效应。结果表明,渗透胁迫下,两个小麦品种幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量增加,且抗旱性较强的洛麦22增加幅度显著大于抗旱性较弱的豫麦48;脯氨酸代谢关键酶Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)和Δ1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸还原酶(P5CR)活性增强,且洛麦22的P5CS活性增强幅度大于P5CR。但渗透胁迫处理对两个品种鸟氨酸转氨酶(OAT)活性影响不大。外源亚精胺处理则进一步提高了渗透胁迫下脯氨酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖含量以及P5CS和P5CR活性,且对抗旱性较弱的豫麦48效应较明显,但对两个品种的OAT活性基本没什么影响。这些结果表明,外源亚精胺处理能通过提高脯氨酸合成代谢谷氨酸途径的关键酶P5CS和P5CR的活性促进脯氨酸和可溶性糖的积累,从而提高小麦幼苗的保水性,增强其抗旱性,对抗旱性较弱的小麦品种的效果更加明显。     

橡胶叶水浸提液对花生幼苗早期根系形态及其生理特性的影响

为深入理解橡胶树的化感抑制作用,采用适当浓度的橡胶叶水浸提液处理刚萌动的花生种子10 d,测定花生幼苗早期根系形态及其生理指标。结果表明:橡胶叶水浸提液能显著降低花生幼苗胚根长度、苗高、根鲜重、地上部鲜重以及根冠比,对根生长的抑制作用比地上部强烈;能显著降低根系总长、根表面积、根体积和根尖数,但对根平均直径有轻微的促进作用,与对照相比,差异不显著;能显著降低根系SOD、POD、CAT活性、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量以及根系活力,却明显增加根系MDA含量和相对电导率。说明橡胶叶水浸提液可通过破坏花生幼苗的抗氧化防御机制,降低其渗透调节能力,减少根系的吸收面积,抑制根系的吸收活性来抑制花生幼苗的生长。     

Influence of dietary <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-selenomethionine exposure on the survival and osmoregulatory capacity of white sturgeon in fresh and brackish water

Near simultaneous exposure to selenium and salinity stress is an environmental reality faced by white sturgeon juveniles in the San Francisco Bay-Delta, having the potential for adverse synergistic impacts on juveniles during seaward migration. White sturgeon juveniles (36–132 g) were transferred into higher salinities (15–20 ppth) after exposure to dietary selenium (0.4, 9.6, 20.5, 41.7, 89.8, or 191.1 μg Se/g diet) in the form of l-selenomethionine (SeMet) for 8 weeks in freshwater (0 ppth). White sturgeon fed above 41.7 μg Se/g diet experienced significant (P < 0.05) declines in survival relative to sturgeon fed between 0.4 and 41.7 μg Se/g diet when transferred into brackish water (15 ppth salinity) for 3 days. Plasma osmolality and ionic concentrations in white sturgeon after abrupt transfer correlated positively with dietary Se concentrations. Transfer of white sturgeon fed above 41.7 μg Se/g diet into 20 ppth brackish water for 1 day resulted in significant declines in survival relative to white sturgeon fed 0.4–41.7 μg Se/g diet. Hematocrit and dehydrational weight loss were significantly correlated with dietary Se concentrations while plasma osmolality and ion concentrations were not. The transfer of sturgeon into 20 ppth water for 3 days resulted in severe survival declines in all treatment groups. The results of this study suggest that the previously established threshold for Se toxicity (10–20 μg Se/g) is sufficient to protect white sturgeon from the adverse interactive affects resulting from increases in dietary Se and ambient water salinity.     

土壤盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞的生理反应

以宁夏枸杞(LyciumbarbarumL.)主要栽培品种宁杞一号为试验材料,研究了不同浓度土壤盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞渗透调节、光合作用、抗氧化保护系统和糖代谢等生理性状的变化,结果显示:Na鄄Cl胁迫下,宁夏枸杞渗透调节物质以无机离子为主,主要为Na 和Cl-,并随外界盐浓度的增加而增加,K 则呈现下降的趋势,叶部积累的无机离子总量高于根部,枸杞根系质膜和液泡膜H -ATPase活性逐渐增强,且液泡膜H -ATPase活性高于质膜H -ATPase活性;在等渗的PEG6000处理下,有机溶质(甜菜碱,氨基酸,可溶性糖,有机酸)含量明显增加。盐胁迫下枸杞叶片光合作用总体呈现下降的趋势,在土壤盐浓度小于6g/kgNaCl胁迫范围时,光合作用PSⅡ的光化学活性保持较强的稳定性,Pn的下降主要受气孔限制,在盐分浓度大于6g/kgNaCl时,Pn的下降的原因是非气孔限制因素引起的。外源甜菜碱对盐胁迫下枸杞叶片膜质过氧化具有较好的缓解作用。通过钌红标记定位电镜观察发现盐胁迫下枸杞叶片细胞壁表面糖蛋白层明显增厚,并且随NaCl浓度增加而增厚、致密,当浓度超过9g/kgNaCl时,其细胞璧糖蛋白层开始疏松并大量的脱落。     

苜蓿抗寒机理及抗寒育种研究进展

从渗透调节、过氧化作用、低温诱导蛋白、光合作用4个方面论述了苜蓿适应低温胁迫的机理,简介了苜蓿抗寒性育种研究进展,提出了尚待进一步研究的问题。