Hull to caryopsis adhesion and grain skinning in malting barley: Identification of key growth stages in the adhesion process

Strong adhesion between the hull and the caryopsis is essential for barley to be of good malting quality. Poor hull adhesion, a condition known as grain skinning, is undesirable for malting and downstream processes. At present, the processes mediating hull adhesion during grain development are poorly understood. The barley cultivar Chariot was grown in greenhouse conditions and grain development was recorded at defined growth stages to examine the timing of hull adhesion. Initiation of adhesion was first observed when caryopsis fresh weight and volume were approaching their maximum at 19 days after anthesis, during early dough. Hull adhesion was complete by 27 days after anthesis, or soft dough. Sections of developing grains were observed using light and transmission electron microscopy to examine a lipid-rich cementing layer believed to be responsible for adhesion between the hull and the pericarp. Evidence for a lipid-rich cementing material was supported by the observation that neither pectinase nor cellulase effected hull loosening. Grain growth, the presence of globular material originating from the pericarp and an electron dense material in the cementing layer are discussed in relation to hull adhesion. Grain skinning could be caused by poor adherence of cuticular material or inadequate fusion between cuticles.     

柠檬酸强化低浓度EDTA对成都平原农田土壤铅和镉的淋洗效率

为了寻找绿色高效的土壤重金属修复技术,研究了柠檬酸与低浓度EDTA不同组合方式对成都平原两类污染农田土壤中Pb和Cd的淋洗率,并测定了淋洗前后土壤中有机质和基础养分含量。结果表明,EDTA单独淋洗时对水稻土Pb、Cd的最高淋洗率为44.94%和88.32%,对紫色土Pb、Cd的最高淋洗率为48.48%和71.85%。柠檬酸单独淋洗时对水稻土Pb、Cd的最高淋洗率为24.71%和69.38%,对紫色土Pb、Cd的最高淋洗率为33.54%和59.77%。柠檬酸与低浓度EDTA复合淋洗效果均优于单独淋洗,其中先EDTA再柠檬酸淋洗组合效果最好。相较于EDTA单独淋洗,该组合方式将水稻土中Pb、Cd的淋洗率分别提高了6.07%和9.67%,将紫色土中Pb、Cd的淋洗率均提高了10.33%和14.73%。同时,复合淋洗还能减少10%以上的土壤有机质与基础养分的流失。综合淋洗效率和土壤有机质及养分的变化,先用EDTA淋洗再用柠檬酸淋洗是最佳淋洗组合。     

EDTA对铅污染土壤上芥菜生长及铅积累特性的影响

采用盆栽实验研究了EDTA对Pb污染土壤上芥菜生长及Pb积累特性的影响。结果表明,单独Pb处理对芥菜生物量没有明显的影响,但高Pb处理(2000mg kg-1 Pb)芥菜地上部含水量显著降低;Pb处理芥菜体内Pb含量随土壤Pb浓度的增加而明显增加,根系Pb含量高于地上部Pb含量;3mmol kg-1 EDTA处理能促进土壤Pb溶解,增加土壤有效Pb含量,影响芥菜的正常生长,芥菜地上部生物量下降,高Pb浓度处理比低Pb浓度处理更明显;EDTA处理14天芥菜地上部和根系Pb积累量都比不加EDTA的对照明显增加,地上部Pb总量增加到对照的13.1～80倍;EDTA处理芥菜地上部与根系Pb含量的比值上升,表明EDTA处理促进Pb向地上部运输,这种促进作用因土壤Pb浓度的不同而略有差异。     

nisin和EDTA对牛源致病性大肠杆菌体外抑菌效果的研究

为研究乳酸链球菌素(nisin)和四乙酸乙二胺(EDTA)的联合作用对5种血清型牛源致病性大肠杆菌(O_1、O_2、O_8、O_(78)和O_(86))的体外抑菌效果,利用牛津杯法测定抑菌圈直径;结合微量稀释法和平板法测定最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明:1)nisin或EDTA单独使用无抑菌圈;2)将nisin分成12个质量浓度分别与0.1mg/mL的EDTA相混合进行协同作用,均产生明显的抑菌圈,并且随着nisin质量浓度的增加,抑菌圈越大;3)O_8、O_(78)和O_(86)型大肠杆菌的MIC均为0.063mg/mL,而O_1型的MIC为0.016mg/mL,O_2型的MIC为0.031mg/mL,O_2、O_8和0_(86)型大肠杆菌的MBC均为0.125mg/mL,O_1型的MBC为0.063mg/mL,O_(78)型的MBC为0.25mg/mL。EDTA或nisin溶液单独使用时,对5种血清型致病性大肠杆菌无抑菌效果;EDTA和nisin联合使用时,对5种致病性大肠杆菌有明显的抑菌效果;5种大肠杆菌的MIC为0.016~0.063 mg/mL,MBC为0.063~0.250mg/mL。     

土壤重金属铅污染的修复

研究了螯合剂EDTA对Pb污染土壤玉米幼苗生长的影响以及Pb积累特性。结果表明,在100~500 mg/kg浓度范围内,Pb处理对玉米幼苗生长的影响差异不大,但玉米地上部Pb含量随着Pb处理浓度的增加而增加;而不添加EDTA处理,玉米生长受到严重影响,地上部干重、株高明显下降;添加螯合剂EDTA处理后,能促进土壤中Pb的溶解,使土壤和玉米地上部的有效Pb含量明显增加,促进玉米对重金属的吸收和积累。     

柠檬酸和EDTA对铜污染土壤环境中吊兰生长的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了在铜污染条件下,柠檬酸和EDTA作为活化剂对铜污染土壤中吊兰生长状况的影响.结果表明,柠檬酸和EDTA对吊兰富集量的影响与其对土壤中铜的活化能力呈显著性正相关.柠檬酸对土壤铜有较强的活化作用,能够有效提高吊兰对铜的吸收,且在浓度为5mmol/L时效果最为明显,而较高的铜富集量又抑制了吊兰的生长;EDTA对吊兰富集能力的影响相对较弱,对吊兰的生长也无显著影响.相比而言,柠檬酸对铜污染土壤中吊兰生长状况的影响比EDTA大.     

镉污染土壤伴矿景天的萃取强化-螯合剂和植物激素的叶面调控

为提高Cd超富集植物伴矿景天(Sedum plumbizicola)的植物萃取能力,采用盆栽试验研究螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和植物激素脱落酸(ABA)单独和联合作用的叶面调控对伴矿景天生长和Cd吸收转运的影响,并通过大田试验进行验证。结果表明:盆栽试验叶面喷施EDTA、ABA均能提高伴矿景天对Cd的转运,地下部至地上部的Cd转运系数为EDTA＞ABA,但叶面EDTA处理对生长旺盛期伴矿景天的生长有抑制。伴矿景天各部位Cd富集浓度差异很大,呈现新叶＞地下部＞茎＞老叶,新叶中Cd浓度是老叶的3.6~5.4倍,且主要富集在细胞壁和细胞器中,占总富集量的88%~94%。EDTA处理新叶细胞器中Cd浓度剧增,ABA处理新叶细胞壁中Cd浓度增加,ABA和EDTA联合使用可以缓解EDTA对生长的抑制,且更有利于Cd从根系向地上部转运。大田小区试验叶面诱导强化伴矿景天Cd萃取是可行的,ABA和EDTA联合处理显著增加伴矿景天总Cd积累量,增幅达到37.87%。研究结果为伴矿景天修复Cd污染土壤提供理论指导。     

EDTA-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Lead-Contaminated Soil by Corn

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation by corn (Zea mays L.) of soil supplemented with 500 mg L^?1 lead (Pb) was examined. The chelate EDTA was used in order to increase Pb bioavailability at four levels: 0 (control), 0.5 (low), 1.0 (medium), and 2.5 mmol kg^?1 (high). Plants were grown under controlled conditions in a growth-chamber with supplementary light. An EDTA concentration of 5.0 mmol kg^?1 was lethal to plants. At high and medium EDTA levels plants grew significantly less than control ones. Lead concentrations in corn leaves increased with increased EDTA levels. Plants subjected to medium EDTA level had the greatest root to shoot Pb translocation. Plants subjected to high EDTA level showed high phosphorus (P) uptake and translocation within plants. Therefore, possibly it was not only Pb that caused toxic effect on plants, but also the high internal concentration of P that in turn could have complexed active Fe.     

Availability and extractability of soil manganese in a liming experiment

Abstract

The availability of soil Mn to corn in relation to extractability of soil Mn by EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂, CH₃COONH₄, hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄ as affected by liming was evaluated under field conditions on a single soil type. EDTA, Mg(NO₃)₂ and CH₃COONH₄‐extractable Mn were related inversely to available Mn. No useful relationships were found between hydroquinone, H₃PO₄, and NH₄H₂PO₄‐extractable soil Mn and Mn uptake by sweet corn.