Effects of N placement,carbon distribution and temperature on N2O emissions in clay loam and loamy sand soils

Changes in the profile distribution of soil C stocks for conventional versus no‐tillage can affect N₂O losses. Uncertainty remains whether deep N placement into a wetter layer in humid areas would affect N₂O losses. This study evaluated the effects of soil carbon profile distribution (inverted, normal), depth of nitrogen placement (5 cm, 15 cm), temperature (10, 20 and 30 °C) and soil texture (clay loam, loamy sand) on N₂O emissions from soil cores in a 216‐h incubation after simulated rainfall. N₂O losses were larger from the clay loam than from the loamy sand, and cumulative N₂O emissions from the inverted profile, with greater C levels at depth, were more than those from the profile with more C near the upper surface. Cumulative N₂O losses from the inverted clay loam profile with deep N placement (1.16 mg N per kg dry soil; 0.71% of applied N) on average were almost double those in the loamy sand (0.62 mg N per kg dry soil; 0.42%). The smallest N₂O losses were measured from the profiles with more C close to the upper surface with a shallow placement of N for the clay loam (0.19 mg N per kg dry soil; 0.12%) and loamy sand (0.33 mg N per kg dry soil; 0.23%). An exponential relationship between N₂O fluxes and temperature was measured. We conclude that large N₂O losses may occur under the combination of greater soil C content at deeper layers (ploughed soils) and moist profiles after N application (humid regions). Deep N placement appears to aggravate rather than ameliorate these concerns.     

Determination of (Nitrate + Nitrite )‐N in alkaline permanganate solutions

Abstract

The quantitative reduction of nitrate in an acid medium with reduced Fe was applied to the alkaline permanganate solution used to absorb NO and NO₂ evolved from soils during denitrification reactions. The method involves addition of H₂SO₄ to acidify the solution and ensure oxidation of nitrite to nitrate, and treatment with reduced Fe at 100°C to reduce nitrate to ammonium. The solution is made alkaline with NaOH and ammonium determined by standard distillation procedures. It is simple and precise, and applicable to nitrogen isotope ratio analysis of NO and NO₂ evolved from soils.     

Diffusion of ammonium and nitrate ions in flooded soil and nitrogen use efficiency of an irrigated rice system

Abstract

A laboratory study was used to simulate the pattern of diffusion of ammonium and nitrate ions in flooded soil. Ammonium, deep incorporated in a submerged irrigation system, diffused upward from the anaerobic to the aerobic layer where biochemical oxidation nitrified it to NO₂ and NO₃. These oxidized N species diffused downward from the aerobic layer to the anaerobic layer where most or at least partly, was lost as gaseous end products. Three crops of rice were grown in a glasshouse experiment to estimate N use efficiency under various combinations of irrigation and N management practices. Overall N use efficiency averaged 45%. Under continuous flooding, almost two thirds of the applied fertilizer N (647% use efficiency) was recovered by the rice crop. Under alternate flooding and drying, the response was very poor, with only about one fourth (26% use efficiency) of the applied fertilizer N being recovered by the crop. This demonstrated importance of the proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management in paddy soils to maximize N utilization.     

设施菜田土壤剖面中的反硝化特征

利用田间原位硅胶管法和自动连续在线培养监测体系（Robot 系统）,分别监测了设施菜田不同施肥处理土壤剖面N2O浓度以及不同土层土壤反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势。结果表明:灌溉施肥后,传统施肥处理（CN）土壤剖面50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度都会出现峰值,50 cm处的N2O浓度峰值都高于90 cm处; 50 cm处的N2O变幅在2.15～50.77 l/L 之间,90cm处的变幅在2.57～14.05 l/L 之间;空白处理（CK）剖面N2O浓度几乎不受灌水的影响,50 cm和90 cm处的N2O浓度变幅较小,在1.43～2.75 l/L 之间。反硝化潜势、NO和N2O产生潜势的监测结果显示,040 cm土层反硝化较为强烈;40100 cm土层中由于受碳源限制,反硝化发生及强度明显滞后,添加碳源,经过48 h培养后,能够达到与表层反硝化潜势相当的程度;厌氧条件下,上层040 cm土壤的N2O和NO产生量远高于底层40100 cm的。由此推测,原位监测的高N2O浓度,可能来源自上层的扩散,因而田间表层通量观测数据可能会低估N2O产生量。底层土壤有一定反硝化潜势,当施用有机肥后,底层土壤氮素反硝化损失不容忽视。     

盐度降低间歇曝气动态膜生物反应器净化水产养殖废水的效果

采用间歇曝气动态膜生物反应器(DMBR)处理不同盐度下的水产养殖废水,研究盐度对有机物降解和反硝化过程的影响。结果表明:当盐度在0～35g/L范围内,随着盐度的提高,由于盐度对微生物的抑制作用,在含盐条件下有机物降解和反硝化效率下降,间歇曝气动态膜生物反应器对水产养殖废水化学需氧量CODMn的去除率从89.5%下降到75.5%;出水总氮TN去除率从89.9%下降到74.4%。通过对有机物降解速率常数和反硝化速率常数的动力性模拟,CODMn降解速率常数和硝态氮NO3--N的降解速率常数随盐度的提高呈线性下降的趋势,其线性回归模型的决定系数分别为0.9838、0.9665。盐度对水产养殖废水反硝化过程的抑制作用要大于有机物降解过程。     

几种典型除草剂对冬麦田N20排放及其相关土壤生化因子的影响

通过田间原位观测试验,研究了几种典型除草剂单,混施对冬麦田N2O排放及其土壤生化因子的影响。结果表明：在除草剂施用后的10d内,乙草胺和混剂苯磺隆＋精嗯唑禾草灵都显著抑制了N2O的排放（P〈0．05）,其N：O排放通量均值较对照降低了50％左右,精嗯唑禾草灵和苯磺隆处理N2O排放通量均值分别比对照减少28．6％和26．0％,但未达到显著水平（P〉0．05）;在余下的测定期内,乙草胺、苯磺隆、精嗯唑禾草灵和混剂苯磺隆＋精嗯唑禾草灵对麦田N2O排放都无显著影响,其NzO排放通量均值分别为对照的95.3％、101．8％、92．5％和88．7％。乙草胺对土壤脲酶活性一直有激活作用（P〈0．05）,精嗯唑禾草灵和混剂苯磺隆＋精嗯唑禾草灵表现为抑制激活交替作用,而苯磺隆对土壤脲酶活性基本无影响。在除草剂施用后的10d内,N：O排放通量与土壤水分WFPS（P〈0．01）、土壤反硝化细菌数量（P〈0．01）以及土壤氨氧化细菌数量（氏0．05）呈显著正相关关系,与可溶性有机碳含量呈显著负相关关系（P（0．05）,与土壤硝化细菌、土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量以及脲酶活性无显著相关关系（P〉0．05）。乙草胺和混剂苯磺隆＋精嗯唑禾草灵能显著降低麦田N20的排放,主要源于明显降低了土壤中反硝化细菌数量,混剂苯磺隆＋精噫唑禾草灵还明显降低了氨氧化细菌数量。苯磺隆和精嗯唑禾草灵对麦田N20排放无显著影响,主要是对氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌表现为促进抑制的交替作用。     

几种典型除草剂对冬麦田N2O排放及其相关土壤生化因子的影响

通过田间原位观测试验,研究了几种典型除草剂单/混施对冬麦田N2O排放及其土壤生化因子的影响。结果表明:在除草剂施用后的10 d内,乙草胺和混剂苯磺隆+精噁唑禾草灵都显著抑制了N2O的排放(P0.05),其N2O排放通量均值较对照降低了50%左右,精噁唑禾草灵和苯磺隆处理N2O排放通量均值分别比对照减少28.6%和26.0%,但未达到显著水平(P0.05);在余下的测定期内,乙草胺、苯磺隆、精噁唑禾草灵和混剂苯磺隆+精噁唑禾草灵对麦田N2O排放都无显著影响,其N2O排放通量均值分别为对照的95.3%、101.8%、92.5%和88.7%。乙草胺对土壤脲酶活性一直有激活作用(P0.05),精噁唑禾草灵和混剂苯磺隆+精噁唑禾草灵表现为抑制激活交替作用,而苯磺隆对土壤脲酶活性基本无影响。在除草剂施用后的10d内,N2O排放通量与土壤水分WFPS(P0.01)、土壤反硝化细菌数量(P0.01)以及土壤氨氧化细菌数量(P0.05)呈显著正相关关系,与可溶性有机碳含量呈显著负相关关系(P0.05),与土壤硝化细菌、土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量以及脲酶活性无显著相关关系(P0.05)。乙草胺和混剂苯磺隆+精噁唑禾草灵能显著降低麦田N2O的排放,主要源于明显降低了土壤中反硝化细菌数量,混剂苯磺隆+精噁唑禾草灵还明显降低了氨氧化细菌数量。苯磺隆和精噁唑禾草灵对麦田N2O排放无显著影响,主要是对氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌表现为促进抑制的交替作用。     

河流反硝化过程及其在河流氮循环与氮去除中的作用

全球每年通过人类活动新增的"活性"氮导致全球氮循环严重失衡,并引起水体的富营养化、水体酸化、温室气体排放等一系列环境问题。河流作为重要的氮汇,其氮循环对整个生态系统氮收支的影响、水体氮污染的改善和减少温室气体的排放与控制气候变化均具有重要意义。为了有助于理解反硝化过程中控制反硝化产物组成的影响因子,以利于增加反硝化最终产物氮气的释放,减少温室气体氧化亚氮的释放,从而加强对河流氮输送和氧化亚氮排放的管理,就河流反硝化的如下关键问题进行了综述:第一,河流反硝化作用的发生地点、时间以及其主要影响因素;第二,河流反硝化对河流氮负荷变化的响应机制;第三,河流系统的水文和地形地貌的变化对反硝化的影响,换言之,河流反硝化与河流水力学滞留时间及河流氮负荷的关系;第四,从生态系统尺度上讲,与陆地、海洋等生态系统相比,河流系统单位面积的反硝化率的时空变化特征,以及河流系统总的反硝化通量所占比例;第五,河流反硝化研究的主要方法。     

农肥和化肥对黑土农田生态系统氮素循环与平衡影响的研究

在不同施肥处理条件下,分别定量测定了玉米田土壤氮素自生固氮作用、氨化作用、硝化作用、反硝化损失、氨挥发、NO3--N淋溶损失等氮素循环转化途径。研究结果表明,不施肥的土壤生态系统每年土壤全氮将减少-110.5kg/hm2。施肥能够有效地提高土壤氮素转化能力,农肥的氮素转化作用明显高于化肥的氮素转化作用。各处理反硝化损失的氮量为7.26～21.66kg/hm2,淋溶损失量为0.09～0.21kg/hm2,氨挥发损失的氮量为0～15.23kg/hm2。玉米田施肥处理总的氮素平衡处于盈余状态,不施肥处理的氮素平衡处于亏缺状态。单施农肥的盈余量高于单施化肥及农肥化肥配比处理的盈余量,低量施肥模式土壤中氮素的输入和输出基本处于平衡状态,高量施肥模式土壤中氮素处于盈余状态,虽有利于培肥地力,但却造成了肥料的浪费。