不同覆盖方式对植烟土壤有机质及烟叶品质影响的初步研究

为提高烟叶品质,进行了对植烟土壤不同覆盖方式的比较试验,结果表明:高C/N比秸秆与地膜双覆盖能够协调烤烟生长全过程的土壤温度,并且地温日变化幅度小,蓄水保墒作用显著,有机质积累明显,腐殖化作用强,使得烟叶内在化学成分比例更协调,产值高。秸秆单覆盖对土壤性状改良与秸秆和地膜双覆盖相似,烟叶内在化学成分较协调,品质较好,但由于在烤烟生长前期不能提高土壤温度,使得烟叶生长速度较慢,产量下降,产值与地膜单覆盖差异不显著;由于没有新鲜的有机质补充,地膜单覆盖对土壤性状改良不及秸秆单覆盖和秸秆与地膜双覆盖,从而使得烟叶品质较不协调,但产量较高,产值也较高。     

砂姜黑土的培肥与持续增产研究

在典型砂姜黑土上的六年定位试验证明:每年亩施圈肥2500～5000kg,可显著提高土壤有机质含量,全氮和速效氮有所增加,速效磷含量增高;在各种磷酸盐形态中,铝磷酸盐含量明显增加。施用圈肥的处理,耕层土壤容重降低,有效水含量显著提高,土壤持水曲线与对照处理有明显差别。施用氮磷化肥和无肥对照区,土壤有机质含量没有明显下降,说明砂姜黑土的土壤有机质分解速度是缓慢的。单纯施用氮磷化肥,第一年小麦增产幅度较大,以后小麦产量逐年下降。同时施用圈肥和氮磷化肥,小麦产量逐年呈上升趋势。     

煤矸石障蔽对沙地土壤的改良作用研究

试验研究表明 ,煤矸石沙障对沙地土壤有明显的改良作用 ,使沙地土壤中细粒物质增加 ,土壤水分含量提高 ,土壤结构发生改变 ;土壤中有机质、全 N、速效 P、速效 K含量显著增加 ,分别是流沙对照地的 2 .6 5 ,2 .6 6 ,1.30 ,1.2 4倍。同时 ,分析结果表明 ,障蔽规格对土壤养分、水分的影响较显著 ,而矸石粒径影响不显著。     

天然沸石及其在农业中的应用

本简要介绍了天然沸石的独特物理化学性能、及在农业土壤改良、环境保护方面的应用前景。     

Effect of low-molecular-weight organic acids on Cl- adsorption by variable charge soils

Low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids exist widely in soils and have been implicated in many soil processes.The objective of the present paper was to evaluate effect of two LMW organic acids, citric acid and oxalic acid, on Cl^- adsorption by three variable charge soils, a latosol, a lateritic red soil and a red soil, using a batch method. The results showed that the presence of citric acid and oxalic acid led to a decrease in Cl- adsorption with larger decreases for citric acid. Among the different soils Cl- adsorption in the lateritic red soil and the red soil was more affected by both the LMW organic acids than that in the latosol.     

Breakdown of azadirachtin A in a tropical soil amended with neem leaves and animal manures

A field investigation was conducted to assess the breakdown of azadirachtin A in a tropical coastal savanna soil amended with neem leaves （NL） combined with poultry manure （PM） or cow dung （CD） using gas chromatography. Samples in polythene bags 15 cm long and 4.8 cm in diameter were randomly placed to a depth of 14 cm in the soil, and azadirachtin A concentration was assessed on days 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84. Azadirachtin A degradation in the soil followed first-order reaction kinetics with different half-lives obtained for varying combinations of the amendments. Higher neem amendment levels of 100 g gave shorter half-lives of azadirachtin A than the lower levels of 50 g. Within the 50 g NL group the additions of the poultry manure and the cow dung gave significantly shorter （P 〈0.05） half-lives of azadirachtin A than the sole neem amendment, whereas in the 100 g NL group only additions of 10 g CD and 10 g PM were significantly less （P 〈 0.05） than the sole neem amendment. Different changes resulting from the kind and quantity of animal manure added were observed in the half-lives of azadirachtin A. The 100 g NL group had significantly higher （P 〈0.05） moisture content, which, coupled with the likely differeaces in microbial biomass, could be the major factor responsible for variations in the half-llfe of the compound. Therefore, the quantity of the neem leaves applied and the addition of animal manure affected the breakdown of azadirachtin A in the soil amended with neem leaves.     

不同固体微生物菌剂对砒砂岩土壤性质和紫花苜蓿生长的影响

为研制改良砒砂岩土壤、强化植物生长的微生物菌剂,该研究以嗜盐芽孢杆菌Bacillus halotolerans P75、苜蓿中华根瘤菌Sinorhizobium meliloti D10、巨大芽孢杆菌Bacillus megaterium H3和枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis HB01为原料,利用生物基材吸附混合,制备4种单一固体微生物菌剂和多种复合固体微生物菌剂。通过分析pH值、有机质含量、有效氮磷钾含量、酶活性和细菌数量等指标来研究添加微生物菌剂对砒砂岩土壤性质和紫花苜蓿幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,与不添加微生物菌剂的对照组相比,微生物菌剂能够使砒砂岩土壤pH值降到中性附近,促使土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量显著增加,提高了土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性,增加了土壤细菌数量,同时促进了紫花苜蓿幼苗生长,其中以含菌株P75、D10和H3以及含菌株P75、D10、H3和HB01的复合菌剂的效果最佳。该试验研究可以为微生物菌剂在砒砂岩区土壤改良和植被恢复方面的应用提供试验基础和参考。     

土壤改良配合平衡施肥创油菜高产试验

对用推土机平整后肥力极低 ,表层土壤质地粘重的马肝泥田 (水稻土 )实行掺沙 3 75m3 /hm2 ,秸秆还田 (玉米秸秆 ,干重 ) 15 180kg/hm2 ,施有机肥 (鸡粪 ) 2 2 5 3kg/hm2 ,经旋耕混匀耙平改良 ,种植杂交油菜 ,再应用当地中肥力马肝土油菜施肥效应函数进行施肥 ,最后获得油菜籽 3 75 0kg/hm2 高产效果     

西班牙关于污泥对草本地被物影响的研究

在西班牙地中海流域 ,由于植被遭到破坏 ,导致水土大量流失。为恢复植被 ,M .Jokba和P .Andres利用污泥改造被破坏的土壤。选取毒麦、黑麦、苜蓿、三叶草、狗牙根、鸡脚草等 6种草种研究恢复植被的途径。污泥与当地土壤的搀配比分别为 0 %、 7%、 15 %和 10 0 %。在无污泥土中播种黑麦、毒麦和鸡脚草是最适的草种。在 10 0 %污泥中播种狗牙根草是适应的。在含污泥 7%与 15 %的土中所有草种均具有最大发芽速度和发芽率     

施用碱稳定固体减轻酸性土壤的酸度和铝毒

A pot experiment was catried out to study alleviation of soil acidity and Al toxicity by applying analkaline-stabilised sewage sludge product (biosolids) to an acid clay sandy loam (pH 5.7) and a strongly acidsandy loam (pH 4.5). Barley (Hondeum vulgare L. cv. Forrester) was used as a test crop and was grownin the sewage sludge-amended (33.5 t sludge DM ha^-1) and unamended soils. The results showed that thealka1ine biosloids increased soil pH from 5.7 to 6.9 for the clay sandy loam and from 4.5 to 6.0 for the sandyloam. The sludge product decreased KCl-extractable Al from 0.1 to 0.0 cmol kg^-1 for the former soil and from 4.0 to 0.1 cmol kg^-1 for the latter soil. As a result, barley plants grew much better and grain yield increased greatly in the amended treatments compared with the unamended controls. These observations indicate that alkaline-stabilised biosolids can be used as a liming material for remedying Al phytotoxicity instrongly acid soils by increasing soil pH and lowering Al bioavailability.