免耕水稻在“3414”试验方案中氮磷钾配施的肥料效应研究

在免耕抛秧种植模式下进行“3414”肥料效应试验,通过建立氮、磷、钾施肥量与产量的回归模型,探索当地水稻的最佳施肥量.结果表明,氮磷钾施用量均为中等水平时,产量和经济效益达到最佳;各类型函数所获得的最佳经济产量表现为一元函数＞二元函数＞三元函数.结合一元、二元、三元肥料效应函数及实际生产而获得的推荐施肥指标:最高产量施...     

Time-variable soil hydraulic properties in near-surface soil water simulations for different tillage methods

Simulating near-surface soil water dynamics is challenging since this soil compartment is temporally highly dynamic as response to climate and crop growth. For accurate simulations the soil hydraulic properties have to be properly known. Although there is evidence that these properties are subject to temporal changes, they are set constant over time in most simulations studies. The objective of this study was to improve near-surface soil water simulations by accounting for time-variable hydraulic properties. Repeated tension infiltrometer measurements over two consecutive seasons were used to inversely estimate the hydraulic properties of a silt loam soil under different tillage - conventional (CT), reduced (RT), and no-tillage (NT). Simulated water dynamics with constant and time-variable hydraulic parameters were compared to observed data in terms of the soil water content and water storage in the near-surface soil profile (0-30 cm). The measurements indicate a considerable temporal variability in the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the field-saturated water content and the parameter α of the van Genuchten/Mualem model. Temporal variability was largest for CT and RT, whereas under NT, replicates of measured water contents and hydraulic properties showed a considerable large spatial variability. Simulations with time-constant hydraulic parameters led to underestimations of soil water dynamics in winter and early spring and overestimations during late spring and summer. The use of time-variable hydraulic parameters significantly improved simulation performance for all treatments, resulting in average relative errors below 13%. Since simulation results agreed with observed water dynamics in two seasons, the applicability of inversely estimated hydraulic properties for soil water simulations is demonstrated. Thus, simulations that address applied questions in agricultural water management may be improved by using time-variable hydraulic parameters. The simulated water balance indicated that RT and NT result in better water storage than CT and therefore may increase water efficiency under water-limited climatic conditions.     

丘陵山区油菜免耕播种机的设计

采用免耕直播技术,在充分利用现有微耕机动力及行走机构的基础上,挂接油菜包衣种子播种器、施肥器和开沟部件,设计了2BM-4型油菜免耕播种机,并对其进行了田间播种试验。试验结果显示,2BM-4型油菜免耕播种机的播种均匀性好,能保证单位面积的基本苗数。2BM-4型油菜免耕播种机的研制既达到小型化的目的,又能提高现有微耕机的使用率。     

春小麦留茬处理对复种油菜产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了减少麦茬焚烧、控制麦茬焚烧污染及提高留茬的利用效率,2009年7－10月在石羊河绿洲灌区进行不同留茬处理（焚烧、翻耕和立茬免耕）对麦茬复种油菜的研究。结果表明,与休闲地相比,立茬免耕复种油菜可获得利润 3?275元/hm2;焚烧、翻耕（传统耕作）和立茬免耕处理的油菜籽粒产量分别为1?549、1?331和1?222 kg/hm2,水分利用效率分别为5.73、3.81和5.71 kg/hm2/mm,经济效益分别为4?485、2?929和3?275元/hm2;仅从作物籽粒产量、水分利用效率和经济效益等方面考虑,秸秆焚烧处理达到最大值, 这就是焚烧屡禁不止的原因。尽管传统耕作的油菜籽粒产量高于立茬免耕,但传统耕作的水分利用效率和经济效益显著低于立茬免耕。立茬免耕具有环保、相对较高水分利用效率和经济效益等效果,尤其有利于环境保护和旱地农作,值得大面积推广。结合大田推广示范研究成果,提出适宜于石羊河绿洲灌区的留茬免耕机械直播复种油菜技术。     

冬种马铃薯免耕稻草覆盖栽培施用多抗霉素效果试验

为探讨喷施叶面肥对马铃薯产量的影响，进行冬种马铃薯免耕栽培施用3％多抗霉素试验。结果表明：3％多抗霉素对马铃薯的生长有抑制和刺激双重作用，600倍液拌种马铃薯的生长有抑制作用；600倍液叶面喷施有促进生长、提高产量的作用，且以喷施三次效果更好。     

2BM-2免耕播种机的设计及试验研究

随着人类农业生产活动的不断进行,人口的迅速膨胀,要求粮食生产的总产量不断地提高,以满足人口增长的需求.为满足人类对粮食的消耗,掠夺式地开发土地资源,毁林开荒,毁草开荒的现象非常严重.保护性耕作是相对于传统耕作的一种新的耕作技术,是作物茎秆还田和免耕、少耕技术的结合.免耕播种机是保护性耕作能否推广的关键性机具.为此,研究设计了2BM-2免耕播种机,并在不同地表条件下进行了试验,试验收到了良好的效果,为保护性耕作的进一步推广提供了保证.     

MANAGEMENT OF UREA-CONTAINING FERTILIZERS FOR NO-TILLAGE CORN USING NITROGEN STABILIZERS AND COATED-GRANULE TECHNOLOGY

No-tillage production systems are being used by an increasing number of producers in the Great Plains, however, the large amount of surface residue left on the soil surface can made nitrogen (N) management difficult. There are several products currently available for use with granular urea (46% N) and urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) that have the ability to reduce or eliminated N losses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of several N-fertilizer additives and a slow-release polymer coated urea product in a no-tillage corn (Zea mays L.) production system. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2006–2008 at the North Central Kansas Experiment Field, located near Scandia, KS, on a Crete silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Pachic Arquistoll). When averaged over the 3-years of the experiment, the treated fertilizer products yielded greater than untreated urea or UAN. This occurred regardless of applied N-rate. The additive treated products along with the time release-polymer coated urea yield the same as ammonium nitrate. There were no significant differences among additive products. If producers wish to broadcast urea-containing N-fertilizer on the soil surface in high-residue production systems there are several N- additive options available that limit N loses and maximize grain yield with reduced environmental risk     

免耕播种机有支撑滚切式防堵装置设计与试验

针对玉米秸秆覆盖、留茬地免耕播种时存在根茬和玉米秸秆不易破除等问题,设计一种同时设有被动卧式旋转部件和主动卧式旋转部件的有支撑滚切式防堵装置,通过试验和理论分析的方法分别设计被动切割刀片和主动切割刀片,其中被动切割刀片的刀刃曲线采用等滑切角曲线,主动切割刀片的刀刃曲线采用阿基米德螺线。为确定刀刃曲线最佳参数进行土槽试验,分别对主动卧式旋转刀具和被动卧式旋转刀具进行二次旋转组合试验,运用Design-Expert软件建立各因素与各指标之间的回归方程,得出最佳参数组合为:主动卧式旋转刀具转动速度为120 r/min、主动切割刀片回转半径为240 mm;被动切割刀片回转半径为185 mm,被动切割刀片作业深度为95 mm;并此状态下进行田间验证试验,得出玉米秸秆根茬切断率平均值为91.3%,单把主动刀片功率消耗平均值为145.2 W,该研究可为玉米留茬覆盖地免耕播种机整机设计提供参考。     

不同免耕栽培模式对稻田土壤肥力的影响

通过田间试验方法,以常规插秧为对照,研究免耕直播和免耕抛秧两种免耕栽培模式对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明:与常规插秧相比,免耕栽培能使稻田土壤腐殖质累积,改善腐殖质品质;>0.25mm团聚体含量增加,全氮、全磷和速效氮、速效磷养分含量都有所提高,稻田土壤肥力性状都有所改善。两种免耕栽培模式中,免耕直播在土壤腐殖质总量累积上不如免耕抛秧,但在腐殖质品质、>0.25mm大粒团聚体含量及全氮和速效氮、速效磷等养分含量上则优于免耕抛秧。