降水在厚层黄土非饱和带中流态转化过程的物理模拟

针对厚层非饱和带中水分运移难以观测、水分入渗方式存在争议的问题,文中将非饱和带中的渗流概化为水流过竖向串联,底部有小孔的—系列容器的水力过程.从实验和理论上证明了间歇性补给边界条件下,厚层非饱和带都有明显的流态转化,即由浅层为瞬态流转化为深层稳定流.浅层瞬态流带土层含水率受降雨和蒸发蒸腾的影响明显,含水率随时间变化;深...     

黄土半干旱区枣林深层土壤水分消耗特征

黄土区人工经济林普遍出现利用性土壤干层,制约着植被的恢复与重建。为了准确计算黄土半干旱区密植高产枣林(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)深层土壤(2 m以下)水分消耗量,采用根钻法(洛阳铲)分层获得从地表到细根分布最大深度范围内的土壤含水率。结果表明:枣林深层土壤水分消耗是一个逐渐加深、逐渐向下的过程。2、4、9和12 a生枣林深层土壤水分消耗量分别为0、29.6、149.9和155.7 mm,可再供水量分别为203.7、167.7、35.5和29.7 mm;枣林生长第9年后,2~4 m土层几乎没有可利用的水分,现有降水和滴灌已经不能满足枣树的耗水需求,枣林吸收土壤水分有向深处延伸的趋势。以降水入渗最大深度为上界、细根分布最大深度为下界计算的深层土壤水分消耗量,能更准确地评估林地利用性土壤干层的程度和深度。     

Calculation of Irrigation Infiltration Recharge Coefficient and Analysis of Influencing Factors in the Lower Reaches of Aksu River北大核心CSCD

【Objective】In order to obtain the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient in the lower reaches of Aksu river and improve the numerical simulation accuracy of groundwater in the study area,the influencing factors of the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient in this area were analyzed. 【Method】In this paper,field sampling and indoor irrigation experiments were carried out by selecting representative points under different irrigation schemes,vadose zone thickness and soil structure in the lower Aksu area,and numerical simulation of vadose zone flow was carried out in combination with Hydrus-1d. Hydrus-1d model was used to calculate irrigation inflow under this soil structure by changing irrigation schemes and vadose zone thickness. Change of seepage recharge coefficient. On the basis of the calculation results of the model,the relationship between irrigation schedule,aeration zone thickness and irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient is analyzed firstly,and then the main factors affecting irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient in soil structure are analyzed with the method of model calculation and mathematical statistics. 【Result】The results showed that the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient ranged from 0.320 to 0.474 under drip irrigation and from 0.408 to 0.561 under border irrigation. The irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient varied under different irrigation schemes,while the irrigation infiltration recharge coefficient decreased with the increase of aeration zone thickness. The main factors affecting irrigation infiltration recharge are soil permeability coefficient,soil bulk density and initial soil water content. 【Conclusion】According to indoor experiment combined with numerical model to calculate the irrigation infiltration coefficient under different irrigation system range, it is concluded that the influence factors of irrigation infiltration coefficient of irrigation system, the thickness of the vadose zone and reflects soil permeability coefficient of soil structure, soil quality and soil initial moisture content, volume for the downstream area irrigation infiltration coefficient selection in arid areas and provides the theory basis for further research. © 2019 Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. All rights reserved.     

Dynamic study of infiltration rate for soils with varying degrees of degradation by water erosion

Ultisols, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of south China, are suffering from serious water erosion, however, slope hydrological process for Ultisols under different erosional degradation levels in field condition has been scarcely investigated. Field rainfall simulation at two rainfall intensities (120 and 60 mm/h) were performed on pre-wetted Ultisols with four erosion degrees (non, moderate, severe and very-severe), and the hydrological processes of these soils were determined. The variation of soil infiltration was contributed by the interaction of erosion degree and rainfall intensity (p < 0.05). In most cases, time to incipient runoff, the decay coefficient, steady state infiltration rate, and their variability were larger at the high rainfall intensity, accelerating by the increasing erosion severity. Despite rainfall intensity, the infiltration process of Ultisols was also significantly influenced by mean weight diameter of aggregates at the field moisture content, soil organic carbon and particle size distribution (R² > 30%, p < 0.05). The temporal erodibility of surface soil and soil detachment rate were significantly and negatively correlated with infiltration rate (r < -0.32, p < 0.05), but less significant correlation was observed between sediment concentration and infiltration rate for most soils, especially at the high rainfall intensity. The variation of surface texture and soil compactness generated by erosion degradation was the intrinsic predominant factors for the change of infiltration process of Ultisols. The obtained results will facilitate the understanding of hydrological process for degraded lands, and provide useful knowledge in managing crop irrigation and soil erosion.     

CT扫描分析秸秆隔层孔隙特征及其对土壤水入渗的影响

为阐明不同物理形态玉米秸秆建立的隔层对盐碱土壤灌溉水入渗特征的影响机制,该文采用室内模拟试验方法,在距地表40～45 cm处均匀铺设同一隔层厚度(5 cm)段状秸秆(SL)、颗粒状秸秆(SK)与粉末状秸秆(SF),以不埋设秸秆隔层为对照(CK),并利用CT扫描和图像处理技术,定量分析不同形态秸秆隔层内部孔隙度、孔隙大小分布、连通度等孔隙参数及其与灌溉水入渗特征之间的关系。结果表明:与CK处理相比,不同物理形态的玉米秸秆隔层均显著提高了40～45 cm隔层处总孔隙度,其中以SF处理最高,分别较CK、SL与SK处理显著提高了29.25、12.09与12.61个百分点(P 0.05),但SL与SK处理间差异不显著。SF处理在灌溉水入渗各阶段均显著增加了孔隙直径≤1 mm的孔隙度(P 0.05),入渗开始前、结束后分别较SL与SK处理提高了19.18、17.25和9.45、9.41个百分点,从而增大了封闭气体体积,导致灌溉水入渗速率较慢,而SL处理在灌溉水入渗开始前孔隙直径1 mm孔隙度较SK处理提高了1.04个百分点,但在入渗结束后SK处理孔隙直径1 mm孔隙度较SL处理显著提高,这种 1 mm大孔隙的变化导致SK处理出现湿润锋通过秸秆隔层耗时长于SL处理,而湿润锋通过隔层后至土柱底部耗时短于SL处理的现象。相关性分析结果表明:湿润锋通过秸秆隔层用时与入渗开始前、结束后隔层处总孔隙度、≤1 mm直径孔隙度均呈极显著正相关,与入渗前 1 mm直径孔隙度呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),而在入渗结束后这种大孔隙的作用减弱,但≤1 mm孔隙度的阻渗作用依旧显著,孔隙连通度对灌溉水入渗速率的影响较总孔隙度小。可见,不同形态玉米秸秆隔层均影响灌溉水入渗过程,CT扫描技术可作为定量研究秸秆隔层内部孔隙结构及其对灌溉水入渗影响机制的手段,该结果可为筛选和建立盐碱土壤最佳灌溉淋盐效果的物理形态秸秆隔层提供参考。     

涌泉根灌湿润体水氮运移特性试验研究

在陕北米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地原状土上进行了涌泉根灌肥液入渗试验,研究了湿润体特征值的变化规律及水氮运移特性.〖JP+1〗结果表明：涌泉根灌入渗能力随肥液质量浓度增大而增大,累积入渗量与入渗时间的关系符合Kostiakov模型;竖直剖面的水平和垂直方向上的湿润锋运移速度均随肥液质量浓度增大而增大,并与时间均呈良好的幂函数关系.肥液质量浓度越大,涌泉根灌相同时间内湿润体的湿润深度越深,相同位置处的土壤质量含水率越大.清水与不同肥液质量浓度的涌泉根灌土壤平均质量含水率分布规律类似,肥液质量浓度越大,相同土层深度的质量含水率越大.在一定施肥条件下,涌泉根灌肥液入渗相同深度处NO-3-N与NH+4-N质量比均随肥液质量浓度增大而增大,经过水分再分布,均于土层深度70 cm处接近本底值.     

蚯蚓粪对土壤团聚体组成和入渗过程水分运移的影响

通过室内土壤团聚体组成分析试验和土柱一维垂直入渗试验,探究蚯蚓粪对土壤团聚体组成、抗水蚀稳定性以及入渗过程中水分运移特性的影响。结果表明:(1)蚯蚓粪可以有效降低土壤容重,增加0.25~2 mm粒级大团聚体的数量,分形维数D从2.84减小至2.65,减小了6.69%,显著提高了土壤团聚体抗水蚀稳定性;(2)施加比例为1/20时,可以显著增加湿润锋的运移距离,而后随着施加比例的增大,湿润锋距离有不同程度的减小,但均大于未施加蚯蚓粪的处理,且各处理下的湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间的关系均可用幂函数描述;(3)蚯蚓粪比例的增大可以显著提高累积入渗量和稳定阶段的入渗速率,当施加比例为1/3时,累积入渗量较对照组增大48.74%;其中Kostiakov-Lewis模型对入渗过程的模拟准确度最高,也更接近实测值。     

陕西省子洲县黄土洼不同植被表层黄土入渗特性

[目的]揭示陕西省子洲县黄土洼不同植被表层黄土的水分涵养功能,为该区水土保持措施的科学配置提供科学依据。[方法]采用野外双环入渗试验和室内土壤粒度分析相结合的方法,研究黄土洼不同植被土壤入渗特性及其影响因素。[结果]研究区内平坦草地、斜坡草地、枣树林地和杏树林地的稳定入渗率分别为1.91,1.54,1.47和1.56 mm/min,淤积玉米地从上游的A样地(淤积玉米样地)到下游的F样地(淤积玉米样地)稳定入渗率总体变小,变化在0.69～1.1 mm/min之间,草地和林地比淤积玉米地的入渗率大。利用入渗经验公式进行拟合,拟合效果最好的为考斯加可夫模型,霍顿模型和经验通用公式拟合效果一般。[结论]研究区黄土层上不同植被表层土壤入渗率均高于淤积玉米样地,而在淤积玉米地内从上游到下游入渗率也在逐渐变小。     

不同土地利用方式峰丛坡地土壤入渗特征及其模拟

喀斯特峰丛坡地的水土过程基础研究相对短缺,阻碍了相关土壤水文机理认识和适合该区模型的构建。为探明峰丛坡地上土壤入渗性能及变化过程,提出适合峰丛坡地的土壤入渗模型,通过室内一维垂直入渗试验,研究了峰丛坡地上不同土地利用方式土壤的初渗率、稳渗率及平均入渗率,并利用Horton,Philip,Kostiakov及经验通用模型拟合其入渗过程并进行评价。结果表明:(1)峰丛坡地上灌木林地的土壤砂粒含量约占50%以上,土壤渗透性能较强,而梯田旱地黏粒含量较高、有机质含量低,土壤渗透性能较差。(2)不同土地利用土壤前期入渗率均较高,为1.33～3.17cm/min,随后入渗速率急剧下降82.2%～96.2%,在20min左右达到稳定入渗率。灌木林地的前期入渗率下降幅度最大,而裸石地和梯田旱地相对缓慢。(3)Horton模型适宜于描述喀斯特峰丛坡地的土壤入渗过程,Horton模型的初始入渗率和稳定入渗率与实测值较为接近,而Kostiakov和Philip模型的拟合值与实测值存在差距。本研究为进一步认识峰丛坡地土壤水分入渗机理及构建入渗模型提供了理论依据。     

贵州省绥阳县麻黄洞土壤渗透水-洞穴水元素变化特征及气候响应

[目的]探究白云岩洞穴上覆土壤渗透水—洞穴水水化学元素变化特征及相互关系,揭示岩溶水Ca,Mg,Sr元素比值变化与洞外气候的响应关系。[方法]以贵州省绥阳县双河洞洞穴系统中的麻黄洞为研究对象,通过麻黄洞4个洞穴水点和上覆3个土壤点土壤渗透水的定期监测、采样和室内实验,并运用统计分析方法和元素比值法对各监测指标进行比较分析。[结果]①麻黄洞上覆土壤渗透水主要水化学指标表现为旱季雨季、洞穴水主要水化学指标表现为雨季旱季的季节性变化特征。②洞穴水EC,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),HCO~-_3,Sr~(2+)离子浓度约为土壤渗透水的2～6倍,表明表层岩溶带岩溶过程对洞穴水水化学元素具有重要影响。③土壤渗透水对地表降雨和温度变化具有积极响应,旱季滞留于土壤中的大量矿质元素是导致4月份土壤渗透水中Ca,Mg,Sr浓度出现高值的主要原因。④洞穴水Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca比值变化及其相关性,反映了洞穴水受到来源、水—岩相互作用、洞穴水脱气沉积和先期方解石沉淀过程(PCP)等机制影响的协同性及洞穴上覆主要岩溶过程差异,因此其比值变化能够间接表现洞外温度和降雨变化。[结论]土壤渗透水、洞穴水水化学元素具有明显的月间波动和季节性变化特征,且监测点间具有显著差异。两种类型水Ca,Mg,Sr比值变化及相关性对地表降雨和温度变化具有积极响应。