Microbial Biomass and Activity in a Laterite Soil Amended with Municipal Solid Waste Compost

The dynamics of soil quality indicators, such as microbial biomass-C, soil respiration, and urease and acid phosphatase activities, in a laterite soil (Typic Haplustalf ) amended with different doses of Calcutta municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) were studied over 120 days of incubation at 30 °C under 60 % soil water holding capacity. The parameters were found to increase with the increase in doses of MSWC. Soil microbial biomass-C (MBC) and soil respiration activity reached peak values at 30 days of incubation and then gradually decreased up to 120 days of incubation. Urease and acid phosphatase activities showed peak values at 60 and 90 days of incubation, respectively. The increase in soil enzyme activities with the fall in MBC suggested that the release of enzymes was associated with lysis of microbial cells at the end of their life cycle. There was no indication of any detrimental effect on soil quality indicators of application of MSWC to soil.     

新型脲酶抑制剂对绵羊瘤胃酶活性和细菌总数的影响

为了研究新型脲酶抑制剂对绵羊瘤胃酶活性和细菌总数的影响 ,进行了两个实验。实验一 ,采用反转设计 ,用4头装有瘤胃瘘管的绵羊 ,分别测定了瘤胃液中脲酶、纤维素酶、蛋白水解酶、总脱氢酶的活性和瘤胃细菌总数。结果表明 ,在瘤胃内灌注50mg脲酶抑制剂 (氢醌 ,HQ )可以使脲酶的活性降低65 % (P<0.01) ,使纤维素酶的活性提高28 % (P<0.05) ,对蛋白水解酶、总脱氢酶的活性和瘤胃细菌总数没有影响(P>0.05)。实验二 ,采用滤纸片法观察了氢醌在10、20、40和80mg/L浓度范围内对瘤胃微生物的抑制作用。测定结果表明 ,除了80mg/L氢醌对瘤胃微生物有微弱的抑制作用外 ,其它浓度的氢醌对瘤胃微生物的生长没有影响。上述结果表明 ,HQ是瘤胃微生物脲酶的专一性抑制剂 ,对瘤胃微生物的繁殖和代谢活性无不良影响。HQ在较低浓度范围内使用 ,就可以非常有效地减缓瘤胃中尿素的释放速度 ,对瘤胃微生物和宿主动物安全 ,无毒副作用 ,在反刍动物尿素利用方面具有非常大的开发潜力。     

研制测尿素的刀豆组织电极

在戊二醛作用下将刀豆粉交联在尼龙网上，制成脲酶膜，安装在氨电极极头上，即成刀豆组织电极。该电极的特性：电极的电位值与尿素浓度成线性范围在２×１０－５～１０－１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ，斜率５８ｍｖ，响应时间３～１０ｍｉｎ。脲酶膜寿命６０ｄ。该电极应用在临床上测血清中尿素含量，具有操作简便，快速、准确的特点。回收率为９９．３％～９８．２％     

堆肥发酵功能菌株的筛选及其在鸡粪好氧堆肥中的应用

为开发畜禽粪便好氧堆肥的高效降解转化和除臭固氮菌剂,进一步提高堆肥效率和品质,通过菌株产酶和除臭能力分析筛选堆肥发酵功能菌株,分别研制了2种复合菌剂（复合菌剂Ⅰ和复合菌剂Ⅱ）,探究添加复合菌剂对鸡粪好氧堆肥常规理化指标、纤维素酶和脲酶活性、氮损失、堆肥产品质量的影响。结果显示：与空白对照组和实验室前期研制的复合菌剂Ⅲ相比,复合菌剂Ⅰ因含有机物质降解能力较高的菌株,能显著增加堆体纤维酶活性,后期纤维素酶酶活高达4.937 U/g;添加复合菌剂Ⅰ可显著提高堆体温度,最高温度可达65.8 ℃,比对照组高5.8 ℃;而复合菌剂Ⅱ因含有除臭能力较强的菌株,能显著降低堆体的脲酶活性和氮损失;添加复合菌剂Ⅱ提高了堆肥产品的总养分含量,堆肥产物总养分可达到5.32%,显著高于对照组（4.52%）。2种复合菌剂均能加快堆肥腐熟,堆肥第7天时,种子发芽指数（GI）值分别为75.12%和75.29%,而对照组GI值仅为47.89%。结果表明,本研究研制的复合菌剂Ⅰ和Ⅱ在鸡粪好氧堆肥应用中有良好的效果,可使堆肥升温、腐熟程度高,增加纤维素酶活性,降低脲酶活性,减少堆肥产物总养分流失和氮损失率。     

陕西几种主要土壤脲酶热力学特征初探

计算陕西省 7种土壤 19个不同肥力土样的脲酶热力学参数结果显示 ,土壤脲酶的ΔG≠ >0、Δ H≠>0、ΔS≠ <0 ,反映出酶促反应不能自发进行 ,必须由外界供给能量 ,才能克服位阻上的障碍 ;除水稻土外 ,其余土样脲酶的Δ G≠ 值低肥力土样大于高肥力 ,Δ H≠ 和ΔS≠ 值变化不明显 ,相关分析等揭示出土样脲酶ΔG≠ 与土壤肥力中的有机质呈显著相关 ,各热力学参数的平均值也呈现出一致的规律性变化     

Enzymatic Activities in Soil Cultivated with Coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv. ‘Bourbon’) and Amended with Organic Material

The objective of this study was to investigate the growth of coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv. ‘Bourbon’) in soil amended with compost, vermicompost, and bokashi at 25%, 50%, and 66% while mycorrhizal colonization and activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases and urease in soil were monitored. Treatments with 25% compost as well as higher application rates of compost and bokashi (50% or 66%) increased coffee growth. Shoot fresh weight increased 5 times when 25% bokashi or compost was applied, 8 times when 50% was applied and 10 times when 66% was applied compared to the control plants without organic fertilizer. Acid and alkaline phosphatase and urease activity increased when organic fertilizer was applied to soil. Application of organic fertilizers increased the growth and fresh weight of root and shoot of coffee plants and improved the root mycorrizal colonization and enzymatic activity of the soil.     

Urea Hydrolysis of Tea Soils as Influenced by Incubation Period,Soil pH,and Nitrification Inhibitor

Abstract

Laboratory incubation studies were conducted with south Indian tea soils to investigate the influence of soil pH, incubation period, and nitrification inhibitor on urea hydrolysis. The soils used in this experiment were sampled from six different regions of south India. The physicochemical properties, urea hydrolysis as influenced by soil pH, incubation period, and nitrification inhibitor were determined. There was a strong positive correlation between urease activity and organic‐matter content of tea soils, whereas physicochemical properties failed to show any relationship with urease activity. The urease activity was highest in Munnar soils. At 25°C, the activity reached maximum within 15 days after fertilizer application, and it was considerably high up to 36 days in the soils of Anamallais, 18 days in Munnar, and 27 days in other zones studied, which revealed the minimum interval between two successive urea fertilizer applications. Soils of different zones showed a different pattern of urease activity when the soil pH was changed artificially between 4 and 5.5. Addition of nitrification inhibitor [dicyandiamide, DCD] to urea prevented nitrate ion formation, resulting in the accumulation of desirable ammonium ions.     

土壤中细菌产氨代谢对农田生态系统的意义

土壤细菌利用尿素产氨不仅可以直接影响土壤中氮源的循环利用和土壤氮素肥力,并且有助于酸化土质的改良。该文就土壤中细菌利用尿素产氨的生物学特征及分子调控机制,影响土壤尿素酶活性的土壤化学特性、环境因素、尿素来源以及微生物间相互作用进行等研究进展进行了综述分析。指出土壤中尿素酶活性是检测土壤质量和土壤肥力的重要指标之一,它与固氮作用、土壤改良和土壤中其他产氨代谢有密切关系,土壤中尿素酶的活性指标对土壤氮素肥力评价和农作物生产具有重要意义。     

尿素配施添加剂NAM对三江平原白浆土氮素转化和玉米产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了尿素配施肥料添加剂NAM(由脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂等成分组成)对三江平原白浆土氮素转化、玉米产量以及氮肥利用率的影响,以期为肥料添加剂NAM的进一步推广应用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,与常规施氮处理相比,等氮量配施NAM处理使土壤NH4+-N在较长时间内维持较高的水平,并显著提高了作物后期的土壤总有效氮供应水平,从而使作物吸氮量增加了6.8%,增产3.1%;减氮20%配施NAM处理维持了土壤NH4+-N总体供应水平和作物后期的土壤总有效氮供应,从而使作物吸氮量及产量与常规施氮处理保持相当;减氮40%配施NAM处理由于过多降低了施氮水平,致使在作物生长前期土壤供氮量明显不足,进而降低了作物吸氮量及产量。尿素配施NAM较单施尿素提高氮肥利用率4.9～8.0个百分点。在等氮和适当减氮条件下,肥料添加剂NAM适用于三江平原白浆土-玉米体系,有利于农业可持续发展。