Bacterial communities associated with natural and commercially grown rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)

Aspalathus linearis is a commercially important plant species endemic to the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and is used to produce a herbal tea known as rooibos tea. Symbiotic interactions between A. linearis and soil bacteria play an important role in the survival of Aspalathus plants in the highly nutrient-poor, acidic fynbos soil. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities associated with natural and commercially grown A. linearis, as well as the effect of seasonal changes on these communities. Bacterial communities were characterized using high throughput amplicon sequencing, and their correlations with soil chemical properties were investigated. The N-fixing bacterial community was characterized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Acidobacteria were the most dominant bacterial phyla detected in this study. Highly similar bacterial communities were associated with natural and commercially grown plants. Significant differences in the bacterial community were observed between rhizosphere and bulk soils collected in the dry season, while no significant differences were detected in the wet season. This study provides insights into bacterial community structure and potential factors shaping bacterial community structure with commercially important A. linearis.     

Selection of biological control agents for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases in the field

Different screening methods for selection of biological control agents (BCAs), for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases, are discussed. The shortcomings of laboratory methods focused on mechanism of action are discussed and we conclude that these methods should be used with caution if candidates with multifactorial or plant mediated mechanisms of control are to be obtained. In vitro screens may be useful for specific groups of microorganisms, thus, screens for antibiotics may be relevant for Streptomyces spp., and promising results have been obtained using soil plating or precolonized agar methods to screen for mycoparasitism and competitive saprophytic ability. Experience with screening in the Nordic programme Biological control of seed borne diseases in cereals is summarized. Research in the four participating countries – Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark – followed the same paradigm: that of obtaining antagonists, well adapted to different Nordic environments, and developing them as effective BCAs. Potential antagonists were isolated from different sources and in planta screening methods were developed in order to optimize selection of antagonists effective against a range of seed borne pathogens. Screens in the laboratory or greenhouse were followed by screening in the field. The different screening procedures are compared and evaluated.     

苯醚甲环唑拌种对小麦根际微生物群落的影响

小麦茎基腐病是我国北方小麦主产区的重大病害,对小麦安全生产造成严重威胁。化学农药的使用是最直接有效的防治方法,在植物病害防治中发挥重要作用。苯醚甲环唑是一种具有较高安全性的三唑类杀菌剂。本课题前期明确了苯醚甲环唑拌种对小麦茎基腐病有一定的防治效果,且促生增产,但其对小麦根际微生物的影响尚不清楚。本文研究了苯醚甲环唑拌种对茎基腐病田中小麦根际土壤微生物的影响,结果表明,苯醚甲环唑拌种处理对小麦分蘖期,拔节期和灌浆期根际微生物的alpha和beta多样性均无显著影响,但使分蘖期镰孢属的相对丰度显著降低。微生物共现网络分析表明,苯醚甲环唑拌种处理提高了细菌网络的复杂性,降低了真菌网络复杂性,使植株根际微生物网络更接近健康植株根际的特征。该研究从根际微生物的角度为苯醚甲环唑防治小麦茎基腐病的机制研究及对土壤微生物的安全性评价提供理论依据。     

放牧率对短花针茅根际和非根际土壤氮素的影响

以短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,研究不同放牧强度下,短花针茅根际与非根际土壤氮素的变化。结果表明,不同处理间短花针茅根际的土壤氮素含量均高于非根际的。在相同放牧率下,随着土层深度增加根际与非根际土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量都表现出降低的趋势;不同放牧率,0-10、20-30cm土层,根际土壤全氮含量总体变化趋势与非根际变化趋势相同;相同土层深度,轻度放牧区短花针茅根际土壤氨态氮与硝态氮含量明显升高,证明适度放牧对土壤氮素积累有积极作用。垂直方向上,不同放牧率下,0-10cm土层的全氮含量高于20-30cm土层的。     

作物轮作对谷田土壤理化性质及谷子根际土壤细菌群落的影响

采用谷子连作(Si-Si-Si)、马铃薯-玉米-谷子轮作(St-Zm-Si)、玉米-大豆-谷子轮作(Zm-Gm-Si)和大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作(Gm-St-Si)四种种植模式进行定位试验,研究轮作对土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、谷子产量和根际细菌群落结构的影响。结果显示,与连作相比,Gm-St-Si轮作模式下土壤的pH值升高,碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和有机质含量增加,土壤过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、纤维素酶和蔗糖酶活性提高,谷子产量显著增加;利用Illumina MiSeq测序技术对谷子根际土壤细菌群落结构进行分析,发现三个轮作处理的OTU数目和多样性指数均高于连作,轮作与连作的细菌群落结构与组成存在明显差异,其中Gm-St-Si处理含有丰富的疣微菌门、酸杆菌门和浮霉菌门,高丰度菌包括Planctomyces、Gemmata、Flavisolibacter、Luteolibacter等。综上表明,大豆-马铃薯-谷子轮作能改善谷田生态环境,提高土壤肥力,促进土壤微生物多样性,使谷子产量增加。     

不同种植年限宁夏枸杞根际微生物的群落多样性

为了解长期人工种植宁夏枸杞根际土壤微生物群落结构特征及其与AM真菌侵染率的关系,本研究分析测定了种植5、10、15 a和24 a宁夏枸杞根际AM真菌的定殖情况和土壤理化性质,并利用PCR-DGGE技术分析了不同种植年限宁夏枸杞根际土壤微生物多样性。结果表明,不同种植年限宁夏枸杞根际土壤pH、速效磷、速效钾、硝态氮存在显著差异,速效磷、速效钾、硝态氮含量在10 a达到最大,这可能与长期施肥及植物对氮磷钾的利用率有关。测序结果表明,随着种植年限的增长,宁夏枸杞根际土壤的微生物多样性呈一定程度的下降趋势,宁夏枸杞根际AM真菌的香农指数在种植5 a时最高,条带数最多,为11条,在种植10 a时显著降低（与种植5 a枸杞相比）,在种植24 a时达到最低。根际细菌的香农指数在种植5 a时最高,条带数最多,为31条,说明5 a生宁夏枸杞根际根中细菌种类最多,在种植15 a时显著降低（与种植10 a相比）。通过相关性分析发现,孢子密度差异显著,孢子密度与铵态氮显著正相关,菌根侵染率与铵态氮呈负相关。AM真菌物种丰度与速效钾、硝态氮显著正相关,与土壤pH显著负相关,均匀度指数与pH正相关,与速效磷、铵态氮显著负相关。由此可见,树龄和土壤因子在一定程度上影响根际微生物群落结构。     

木薯叶片及根际土水浸液对花生发芽的化感效应

采用室内培养法研究了木薯叶片及根际土水浸液对花生种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应。结果表明:与对照比较,1)3种浓度木薯根际土水浸液对花生种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数和综合效应均有不同程度的促进作用,浓度越高促进效果越明显,当浓度为10mg/mL时,花生种子的发芽率与对照之间达到显著水平,发芽指数和活力指数与对照达到极显著水平,当浓度为20mg/mL时,花生种子的芽长和根长显著高于对照。2)3种浓度木薯叶片水浸液对花生种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、芽长和根长均起到抑制作用,但与对照均无显著差异。3)叶片水浸液和根际土水浸液处理对5个花生发芽指标平均效应的影响,以活力指数的平均效应最强。     

棘孢木霉菌肥对黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果及对连作黄瓜根际土壤微生物种群的影响

为明确棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum菌肥在防治黄瓜枯萎病的同时对连作黄瓜根际土壤微生物种群的影响,采用实时荧光定量PCR(real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)和磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)分析方法分别测定了棘孢木霉菌肥对连作4年的黄瓜根际棘孢木霉菌和尖孢镰孢菌Fusarium oxysporum DNA拷贝数变化和黄瓜根际微生物种群的影响。结果表明:棘孢木霉菌肥对黄瓜幼苗期和速长期黄瓜枯萎病的防治效果分别为70.24%和76.81%,均与药剂对照的防效差异不显著。棘孢木霉菌的DNA拷贝数出现2个高峰期,即黄瓜苗期和盛果期,其DNA拷贝数分别为235 000.00 ng/μL和80 500.00 ng/μL。黄瓜速长期、盛果期、生长末期的尖孢镰孢菌DNA拷贝数分别为15.41、54.87和18.36 ng/μL,且显著低于同一时期药剂对照和清水对照。黄瓜幼苗期、速长期、开花期和盛果期根际土壤微生物丰度分别为2.24、1.98、2.52和2.12,均高于药剂对照。由此可见,棘孢木霉菌肥在防治黄瓜枯萎病的同时,还可以改善黄瓜连作土壤微生物种群结构。     

Effect of native and allochthonous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Casuarina equisetifolia growth and its root bacterial community

Exotic trees are often planted to recover degraded lands. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi can improve their survival. Plant growth is partly dependent on the strain used, but little attention has been paid to the selection of mycorrhizal fungi. The aim of this study was to determine whether the growth of Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Johnson) is affected by two different mycorrhizal inocula generated using fungal spores retrieved from an Australian site (allochthonous soil) and a Senegalese site (native soil) under C. equisetifolia trees. Comparative experiments were conducted with plants in a Senegalese soil, previously sterilized or not, and grown in a greenhouse. At harvest, parameters related to plant growth and mycorrhization were evaluated and soil bacterial communities were compared. Tree growth was significantly influenced by both types of inoculants. In unsterilized soil, plants inoculated with the native inoculant were taller than plants inoculated with the allochthonous inoculant and control plants. The frequency of mycorrhization with both inoculants was higher in unsterilized soil. The strongest effects of the mycorhizosphere on the soil microbiome were obtained with the allochthonous inoculum, and analysis of the taxonomic composition revealed mycorrhizal communities specific to each inoculum. These results suggest that the development of C. equisetifolia and its root bacterial community are dependent on the composition of the mycorrhizal inoculum. The functional consequences of this rhizosphere effect in terms of soil fertility should be further studied to better guide reforestation operations.     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌K103对黄瓜穴盘苗的促生作用

为了探明解淀粉芽胞杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）K103对黄瓜穴盘苗的促生效果及作用机理,以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩混合物料为基质,播种前基质接种K103,测定黄瓜穴盘苗生长发育参数,并采用454焦磷酸测序技术分析穴盘苗根际细菌群落结构和多样性。结果表明：解淀粉芽胞杆菌K103具有较高的固氮和溶解有机磷活性;基质接种K103提高了黄瓜穴盘苗根系活力和矿质养分吸收积累量,促进黄瓜生长;K103可在黄瓜穴盘苗根际定殖,并显著提高了根际食菌蛭弧菌,鞘氨醇单胞菌CHNTR37、CL01,德氏嗜酸菌,鹰嘴豆中慢生根瘤菌等9种细菌的相对丰度,这些细菌对植物多具有促生潜力。