重金属-有机物复合污染农田土壤修复策略研究

介绍了我国农田土壤重金属-有机物复合污染现状,重点分析了重金属-有机物土壤复合污染的相互作用及过程,对适用于复合污染农田土壤联合修复技术进行了总结.在此基础上,结合生物碳用于土壤修复的机理与实践情况,提出了“不同种类生物炭改良＋耐性植物”这一针对重金属-有机物复合污染农用土壤有效的修复策略.     

东莞市耕地环境质量的压力-状态-响应分析与评价

基于"压力-状态-响应"模型建立了耕地环境质量评价框架及其指标体系。以东莞市为研究样区,采集182个耕地土壤样品,测定其重金属含量,结合东莞统计年鉴中的社会经济数据,对东莞市耕地环境质量进行评价,并通过协调度模型对其稳定性进行分析。结果表明:东莞市28.2%的耕地处于良好和较好水平,主要分布在北部河网平原区,该区作为供水工程水源地,环境受到严格保护;56.1%的耕地处于警戒水平,处于较差水平的耕地占总面积的15.7%,没有耕地处于极差水平。主要影响因素为经济发展和工业"三废"排放压力、耕地自然性状及其耕作管理状态、农药化肥过量施用等不合理的农户响应措施。压力、状态、响应指数协调度较低的乡镇有南城、望牛墩、沙田、长安,其耕地环境质量不稳定,是耕地环境质量管控的重点区域。     

生物有机肥和生物炭对Cd和Pb污染稻田土壤修复的研究

在田间试验条件下,研究施用生物有机肥和生物炭对稻田Cd 和Pb 污染的钝化修复效果。研究结果表明:施用生物有机肥和生物炭处理可以提高土壤pH值以及土壤养分含量,并显著降低土壤有效态Cd 和Pb 的含量,且土壤pH 值与土壤有效态Cd 和Pb 的含量呈极显著负相关;生物有机肥和生物炭处理还可以降低水稻体内Cd 和Pb 的含量,其中水稻糙米Cd 降幅达到了22.00%和18.34%,水稻糙米Pb 含量的降幅也达到了33.46%和12.31%,且水稻糙米Cd 和Pb 的含量与土壤有效态Cd 和Pb 的含量呈显著正相关。综合各处理对土壤pH 值、土壤养分含量、土壤有效态Cd 和Pb 的含量以及水稻Cd和Pb 的影响,可以看出生物有机肥和生物炭处理对于Cd 和Pb 污染稻田土壤有较好的修复效果。     

不同淋洗剂对污染土娄土中Cu、Pb的淋洗修复研究

【目的】研究不同条件下螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)、柠檬酸(CIT)和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂(RL2)对污染土娄土中铜、铅的淋洗效果,并对淋洗机制进行探讨。【方法】以铜、铅单一污染的土娄土为研究对象,分别加入2种螯合剂(EDTA、CIT)和2种表面活性剂(SDS、RL2),采用批次试验方法,分析淋洗剂浓度、pH、背景电解质(NaNO3和NaCl)、水(mL)土(g)比、淋洗次数对污染土娄土中Cu和Pb的淋洗百分率的影响,探索不同淋洗剂淋洗污染土娄土中Cu和Pb的最佳条件。【结果】在相同浓度下,EDTA和CIT对污染土娄土中Cu的淋洗百分率明显高于其他淋洗剂,EDTA对Pb的淋洗百分率明显高于其他淋洗剂。淋洗4次后,4种淋洗剂对污染土娄土中Cu的淋洗能力由大到小为CITEDTARL2SDS,对污染土娄土中Pb的淋洗能力为EDTARL2CITSDS。EDTA和CIT溶液淋洗土娄土中Cu和Pb的最适条件为:水土比20(mL)∶1(g)、淋洗剂浓度0.01mol/L、pH=7、无背景电解质;当水土比为20(mL)∶1(g)、RL2溶液浓度为0.02mol/L、pH=8、无背景电解质条件下,RL2对污染土娄土中Cu、Pb的淋洗效果最佳。【结论】EDTA、CIT和RL2可以有效去除污染土娄土中的Cu,EDTA可作为石灰性污染土娄土中Pb的最佳淋洗剂,而SDS不宜作为污染性土壤的淋洗剂。     

有机废弃物菌糠和醋糟对次生盐渍化土壤修复效果研究

针对兰州市秦王川引大灌区的次生盐渍化土壤地区耕地盐碱综合防治的研究目标,以菌糠和醋糟两种有机废弃物为材料,通过大田试验,系统分析了4种有机废弃物处理（菌糠7 500 kg·hm^-2,JKⅠ;菌糠15 000 kg·hm^-2,JKⅡ;醋糟7 500 kg·hm^-2,CZⅠ;醋糟15 000 kg·hm^-2,CZⅡ）对盐渍化土壤的容重、pH值、电导率以及小麦不同生育期叶片电导率和产量的影响。结果表明：醋糟对次生盐渍土壤的质地疏松、盐分抑制和修复改良效果总体上优于菌糠。施加有机废弃物耕种一季作物后,土壤容重下降6.45%～10.93%,土壤pH值下降0.59%～0.93%,土壤电导率下降36.84%～44.44%,且达到显著水平;有机废弃物对成熟期小麦叶片电导率影响最为明显,JKⅠ、JKⅡ、CZⅠ、CZⅡ4个处理分别显著低于CK 14.75%、16.76%、10.07%和20.14%;CZⅡ处理小麦产量最高,增产11.16%。     

小麦秸秆生物炭对石油烃污染土壤的修复作用

以小麦秸秆为原材料,在300℃下缺氧裂解3、6、8 h制备生物炭,比较了3种生物炭的产率、pH值、灰分以及C、H、N元素含量,表征了300℃、6 h生物炭的表面形态,并用其作为修复材料,对大港油田的石油污染土壤进行修复。结果表明,随裂解时间的延长,生物炭产率下降,pH值升高,灰分含量增加,H/C值下降,但产率、pH值、灰分和H/C值都是从3 h到6 h差异显著,6 h到8 h差异不显著。C元素含量先升高后下降。石油污染土壤经生物炭修复14 d和28d后,总石油烃降解率分别为45.48%和46.88%,均显著高于对照组。修复14 d后土壤中的萘、苊、苯并[a]蒽、屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘也都有不同程度的下降,其中苯并[a]芘含量下降幅度达98.18%,其他几种PAH的降解率也都高于对照组,28 d后这些PAH的含量又有上升趋势。这说明小麦秸秆裂解时间对生物炭的性质有影响;300℃、6h生物炭可以用来修复石油污染的土壤。     

焦化场地PAHs污染土壤的电动-化学氧化联合修复

焦化场地土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染严重,目前的修复技术都存在不同程度的弊端。通过研究化学氧化、电动及其联合技术对焦化场地高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤的修复效果,比较了两种技术组合方式对修复效果的影响。结果表明,单一技术及联合技术对焦化场地PAHs均有一定的去除效果。在单一技术处理中,电动处理、芬顿和活化过硫酸钠对多环芳烃的去除率分别为24.86%、10.27%和22.19%;在联合技术处理中,活化过硫酸钠-电动组合、电动-活化过硫酸钠组合、芬顿-电动组合和电动-芬顿组合对多环芳烃的去除率分别为49.65%、41.73%、36.72%和31.39%。电动-化学氧化联合技术对PAHs的去除效果较单一技术提高了6.53%~27.46%。两种技术的组合方式及氧化剂类型均对联合处理效果产生影响,化学氧化-电动处理的多环芳烃去除率较电动-化学氧化处理高5.33%~7.92%,其差异主要由化学氧化去除率差异所引起;应用活化过硫酸钠试剂的组合对多环芳烃的去除率高出应用芬顿试剂的组合12.93%~10.34%。经联合处理后,污染物的残留量及毒性当量浓度均有不同程度降低,说明电动-化学氧化联合技术是一种有效的预处理方法。     

Implications of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in an oil-producing community in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria

The study evaluated the impact of crude oil pollution on natural regeneration of plant species in a major oil-producing community in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Three sites—unpolluted site(US), polluted and untreated site(PUS), and polluted and treated site(PTS)—were purposively chosen for the study. The seedling emergence method was used to evaluate soil seed banks in the various sites at two depths, 0 to 10 cm and 10 to 20 cm. Woody-plant species richness, abundance, and diversity were higher in the US seed bank than in the PUS and PTS seed banks. The highest number of non-woody plants was observed in the US, followed by the PTS, and then the PUS. Both species richness and diversity of non-woody plants were highest at the US, followed by the PUS, and lowest in the PTS. Woody species in the US seed bank were 87.5% and 80% dissimilar with those of the PUS and PTS at 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm respectively. No variation was observed between woody species in the PUS and PTS seed banks. Non-woody species at 0-10 cm US seed bank were 73.08% dissimilar with those of PUS at the two soil depths and 81.48/88.46% dissimilar with those of the 0–10/10–20 cm of the PTS respectively. At 10–20 cm, non-woody species of the US were 69.66% dissimilar with those from each of the two soil depths in PUS; and 73.91/81.82% dissimilar with those of 0–10/10–20 cm of the PTS respectively. Non-woody species variation between the PUS and PTS was higher at 10–20 cm than 0–10 cm. The poor seed bank attributes at the polluted sites demonstrates that crude oil pollution negatively affected the natural regeneration potential of the native flora because soil seed banks serve as the building blocks for plant succession. Thorough remediation and enrichment planting are recommended to support the recovery process of vegetation in the polluted areas.     

Remediation of a Sandy Soil Contaminated with Cadmium,Nickel, and Zinc using an Insoluble Polyacrylate Polymer

Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate whether an insoluble polyacrylate polymer could be used to remediate a sandy soil contaminated with cadmium (Cd) (30 and 60 mg Cd kg^?1 of soil), nickel (Ni) (50 and 100 mg Ni kg^?1 of soil), zinc (Zn) (250 and 400 mg Zn kg^?1 of soil), or the three elements together (30 mg Cd, 50 mg Ni, and 250 mg Zn kg^?1 of soil). Growth of perennial ryegrass was stimulated in the polymer‐amended soil contaminated with the greatest amounts of Ni or Zn, and when the three metals were present, compared with the unamended soil with the same levels of contamination. Shoots of plants cultivated in the amended soil had concentrations of the metals that were 24–67% of those in plants from the unamended contaminated soil. After ryegrass had been growing for 87 days, the amounts of water‐extractable metals present in the amended soil varied from 8 to 53% of those in the unamended soil. The results are consistent with soil remediation being achieved through removal of the metals from soil solution.     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.