Effects of management, environment and landscape conditions on establishment of hardwood seedlings and saplings in central Japanese coniferous plantations

There is an increasing need to restore natural hardwood forests in landscapes dominated by monocultural conifer plantations. A convenient restoration approach is to exploit natural regeneration processes. Natural regeneration, however, is affected by diverse interacting factors, for which better understanding is required, in order to optimize restoration programs. To identify optimal management practices for improving natural regeneration of hardwood trees in coniferous plantations, we examined the effects of multiple factors on the abundance of seedlings, small saplings and large saplings (height <0.3, 0.3-1.3 and ?1.3 m, respectively) of hardwood tree and shrub species in both line thinned (LT) and unthinned (UT) plantations of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and hardwood forests (HF) in central Japan. The effects of management practices (number of the times of weeding and cleaning, thinning method, years after thinning and forest age), environment (slope position, slope angle and canopy openness), and landscape conditions (distance from nearest hardwood forest, altitude and landuse before planting) on the number of hardwood individuals were examined by using the data obtained from the LT plantations. We also compared hardwood density between LT and UT plantations to examine the effect of line thinning. Finally, we examined species composition of LT plantations and HF to identify hardwood forest components in the thinned plantations. The effects on hardwood regeneration of environmental conditions, landscape factors and management practices applied in the plantations varied, depending on the size class and life form of the regenerating species. The abundance of large saplings of tall tree species was affected by several management factors, especially number of the times of weeding. Landscape conditions (distance from the nearest hardwood forest and altitude) affected the abundance of small saplings and seedlings of tall tree species, but not the other classes. Seedlings and small saplings of many tall tree species that contribute to hardwood forest canopies were less abundant in the LT plantations. The results show that numerous factors affect the establishment and abundance of naturally regenerating hardwood tree species, and suggest that successful establishment during early plantation stages can have long-lasting effects on natural regeneration of tall tree species.     

大兴安岭兴安落叶松林林隙更新研究

研究了大兴安岭地区不同林型林隙的更新密度、边缘木数量及形成原因,结果表明:1)林隙一般由11~24株落叶松、白桦所形成,平均为16.94株;形成方式主要有立枯、折干和拔根倒,11.8%为折干,35.3%为立枯,41.2%为拔根倒。2)林隙所在坡位中58.9%为中下和下坡位,41.1%为中上坡位。3)在杜香-落叶松林、草类-落叶松林和藓类-落叶松林更新密度所受到的制约因子不同,杜香-落叶松林的林隙更新主要受坡度的影响,草类-落叶松林的林隙更新主要受长短轴比的影响,藓类-落叶松林的林隙更新主要受边缘木数量的影响。     

华北落叶松引种试验的探究

华北落叶松和同龄的长白落叶松相比照,无论是平均胸径、平均树高还是平均材积,前者都落后于后者,现已形成低质低效林分,没有实用价值。因此,应尽快伐除华北落叶松,按照适地适树的原则,采取人工更新恢复森林。     

Forest vegetation responses to climate and environmental change: A case study from Changbai Mountain, NE China

The distribution of plant species has always been altered by changing climatic conditions. Nonetheless, the potential for species’ range shift responses has recently become severely limited, as exceptionally fast temperature changes coincide with a high degree of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation. This study provides rare insights into the effects current temperature increases have on pristine temperate forest ecosystems, using the forests of Changbai Mountain, NE China, as a case study. On the northern slopes of the mountain at elevations between 750 and 2100 m, the composition of trees, shrubs and herbaceous species was recorded on 60 plots in 1963 and 2006/07. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were used to establish the response of plant diversity and plant distribution patterns to environmental conditions. Climatic factors proved important in explaining the spatio-temporal trends within the vegetation. The composition of dominant trees remained mostly unchanged over the last 43 years, reflecting a very slow response of the forest canopy to environmental change. The composition of young trees, shrubs and herb species showed varied changes in the different forest types. A homogeneous species composition in the cohort of regenerating trees indicates an increased future uniformity in the mixed broadleaved and coniferous forest. The understory vegetation of high elevation birch forests was invaded by floristic elements of the lower-elevation coniferous forests. Both these trends pose potential threats to forests plant diversity. Future research investigating climate change responses in forest canopy composition needs to be based on even longer timescales, while investigations in the near future need to pay particular attention to the changes in the distribution of rare and threatened herbaceous species.     

长白落叶松人工林林隙间伐对林下更新及植物多样性的影响

2009年7月中旬,以佳木斯孟家岗林场间伐8年后的34年生长白落叶松人工纯林为对象,分析均匀间伐、大林隙和小林隙的林下更新和植物多样性。结果表明:与均匀间伐相比,林隙内出现了树高超过1.5m的胡桃楸、山杨和春榆等喜光阔叶树种,大林隙中出现树高超过2m的胡桃楸幼树;林隙内更新树种的个体密度、平均高和平均地径明显增加,大林隙尤为显著(P<0.05);林隙内木本植物的Simpson多样性指数和盖度均显著高于均匀间伐(P<0.05);与小林隙相比,大林隙内木本和草本植物盖度均显著增加(P<0.05);木本植物竞争种的重要值表现为大林隙>小林隙>均匀间伐,耐胁迫种的重要值相反(P<0.05);大林隙内1年生草本植物的重要值显著高于小林隙和均匀间伐(P<0.05),多年生草本植物则相反(P<0.05);大林隙Grime'功能群中杂草种的重要值高于小林隙和均匀间伐,耐胁迫种则相反(P<0.05);小林隙与均匀间伐的草本植物不同生活型及Grime'功能群的组成差异不明显(P>0.05);林隙间伐结合均匀间伐可以将长白落叶松人工纯林改造成长白落叶松针阔混交异龄林,较单独实施均匀间伐更有利于林下更新和植物多样性的提高,间伐林隙应...     

樱桃离体叶片高效再生的影响因素

利用基因工程技术将外源的抗病基因导入受体植物,使受体获得抗病性,已成为抗病育种的一个新途径。叶片是基因工程操作中常用的受体材料,本实验以几个樱桃树种、品种为试材,系统研究了影响樱桃叶片再生的几个因素,旨在为基因转化提供一个高效、稳定的植株再生体系。1材料和方法1     

Regrowth forests on abandoned agricultural land: A review of their habitat values for recovering forest fauna

Human land use has modified the structure and function of terrestrial landscapes throughout much of the world, with cropping and livestock grazing the major drivers of landscape change. In many tropical, sub-tropical, temperate and Mediterranean regions, regrowth forests regenerate naturally on abandoned agricultural land if human disturbance declines. With the exception of some tropical forest literature, the broader ecological and conservation literature has largely ignored the potential of regrowth forests to facilitate passive landscape restoration and the recovery of fauna communities in fragmented agricultural landscapes. This paper addresses this deficiency by reviewing the available global evidence of fauna recovery in regrowth forest from 68 papers, identifying the main gaps in current knowledge, and providing directions for further research. The majority of reviewed studies focus on regrowth in tropical regions, which often contain large areas of mature forest. Species’ utilisation of regrowth forest is highly variable and is particularly influenced by land-use history, an important determinant of the structural and compositional characteristics of regrowth forests. While site-scale (<1 ha) forest structure and floristic diversity were frequently studied, only 11 studies considered the spatial configuration and context of habitat patches and just two studies explicitly considered landscape structure. Based on this review, six key research questions are posed to direct future research on this important issue. We conclude that a broader perspective of the role of regrowth forest in the landscape is required if we are to realise the potential benefits of regrowth forest for passive landscape restoration and fauna conservation and recovery.     

基于~(14)C同化物运转和分配对黄柏剥皮的再生机理

以14C为示踪剂,用14CO2+CO2法对2年生黄柏进行半株标记,在主干上环状剥去韧皮部,以塑料薄膜包裹,燃烧法制样、液体闪烁测量法测14C活度。结果表明,未剥皮黄柏韧皮部的14C同化物运输速率为52.0cm/h,3h左右同化物从树冠运输到根系,树冠不同部位的功能叶14C同化物分配为:中部功能叶>上部功能叶>下部功能叶;剥皮后,同化物分配规律改变为:上部功能叶>中部功能叶>下部功能叶;剥皮第15天在新生韧皮部、剥口下方的树皮及根系中检测到14C同化物,表明新生韧皮部的生理功能得到恢复。     

野牛草成熟胚植株再生及其影响因素研究

以野牛草Buchloe dactyloides成熟胚为外植体,对外植体灭菌方式及影响成熟胚再生的因素进行了研究.结果表明:70%酒精处理60 s,75% NaClO溶液(原溶液含有效氯为7%～10%)处理30 min,污染率最低为0.59%.6-BA 0.1 mg/L,2,4-D浓度增至3 mg/L时,愈伤组织诱导率达最高,为80.27%,但愈伤组织结构疏松、呈水渍状.附加5 mg/L硝酸银(AgNO3)或硫代硫酸银(STS)时,愈伤组织诱导率略有降低,愈伤组织结构紧密且表面有颗粒状突起,当AgNO3或 STS浓度为10 mg/L以上时,均不利于愈伤组织的诱导.愈伤组织继代培养过程中,3/4倍MS大量元素用量、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP) 200 mg/L、维生素C(Vc )200 mg/L及水解酪蛋白(CH) 1 000 mg/L可减轻愈伤组织褐化程度.不同诱导培养基所获得的愈伤组织与其植株再生能力有关,以不加任何植物生长调节剂的MS培养基(MS0)为分化培养基,仅在附加STS的诱导培养基中所得的愈伤组织能够形成再生植株,再生率为10%.     

苜蓿高效再生体系研究进展

作为牧草生物技术的一个重要组成部分,苜蓿Medicago sativa组织培养工作在国内外得到了大量开展.从苜蓿组织培养中外植体和培养基的选择、细胞生长调节物质的应用以及基因型的选择4个方面阐述了苜蓿高效再生体系研究现状,并对目前研究中存在的问题进行了归纳,提出了苜蓿再生体系研究的发展趋势.