预处理条件对石斛兰叶片原生质体分离的影响

试验研究了不同预处理条件对石斛兰叶片原生质体分离的影响,结果表明：预处理可以提高原生质体的产量,石斛兰叶片原生质体分离最佳预处理方法为：12 h黑暗条件萎蔫处理,0.4mmol/L CaCl2浸泡16 h,0.5 mol/L甘露醇浸泡16 h。     

乙醇浸渍对切片茄子干燥特性和品质的影响

为了提高切片茄子的干制品质、缩短干燥时间,对热风干燥前的切片茄子进行了乙醇浸渍处理。以不同干燥温度(45、55、65℃)、预处理乙醇体积分数(0、5%、15%)和茄子切片厚度(1.0、1.5、2.0 cm)为试验因素,以干燥时间及干燥后产品的干燥速率、色泽、复水比和微观结构为评价指标进行正交试验。试验结果表明:干燥温度、乙醇体积分数和切片厚度对干燥时间均有显著影响(P0.05);综合评价的影响顺序由大到小依次为:切片厚度干燥温度乙醇体积分数;切片茄子的干燥过程属于降速干燥,通过费克第二定律得到切片茄子的水分有效扩散系数在2.74×10-9~7.75×10-9 m2/s;切片厚度对干燥后茄子片的复水比有显著影响(P0.05),复水比随着切片厚度的增加而减少;乙醇体积分数对干燥后茄子片的色泽具有显著影响(P0.05),而且可以改变干燥后茄子的微观结构改善物料外观品质。当乙醇体积分数为15%、干燥温度为65℃、切片厚度为1.0 cm时,干燥时间为225 min,复水比为4.93,明亮度为88.24,既有较快的干燥速率又能够得到比较好的色泽。研究表明适宜体积分数的乙醇浸渍预处理能够提高切片茄子的干燥速率、改善色泽,为高品质切片茄子快速干燥提供了理论依据。     

真空预处理对圣女果渗透脱水的影响

[目的]以圣女果为原料,探讨真空预处理对圣女果渗透脱水的影响,为今后其工业化应用提供理论参考和技术支持.[方法]通过对预处理的圣女果进行真空渗透脱水,研究真空时间、真空度对渗透圣女果的含水量、固形物含量、糖含量、麦芽糊精渗入量的影响.[结果]真空渗透时间20 min、真空度0.06 MPa的真空渗透预处理渗透速度最快,麦芽糊精的渗入量最大.[结论]确定的圣女果真空渗透脱水最佳方案渗透速度快、脱水效果良好,选用该方法进行圣女果的预脱水是可行的.     

气相色谱法检测果蔬农药残留前处理技术研究

通过加标回收的方法,对气相色谱法检测蔬菜和水果中农药残留样品前处理试验方法的准确性进行了评估,并提出了气相色谱法检测蔬菜和水果中农药残留合理的样品前处理方案。     

超声波协同固体酸水解花生壳制备乙酰丙酸的研究

以花生壳为原料,采用超声波预处理协同SO2-4/TiO2 Al2O3固体酸水解制备乙酰丙酸。在单因素试验基础上,以水解温度、水解时间和固体酸用量为因素,乙酰丙酸得率为响应面值,设计了三因素三水平的响应面分析实验,确定了花生壳制备乙酰丙酸的最优工艺参数为：水解温度235℃、水解时间31 min、固体酸用量4.5％和液固比为14∶1（mL/g）,此时乙酰丙酸得率为27.54％。与相同工艺下未采用超声波预处理相比,得率提高了7.18%。     

Pretreatment of Rice Straw by Hydrogen Peroxide for Enhanced Methane Yield

A pretreatment process for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was optimized to enhance the biodegradation performance of rice straw and increase biogas yield. A determination experiment was conducted under predicted optimal conditions. Optimization was implemented using response surface methodology. The effects of biodegradation and the interactive effects of pretreatment time (PT), H2O2 concentration (HC), and substrate to inoculum ratio (S/I) on methane yield were investigated. The lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose of rice straw were significantly degraded with increasing HC. The optimal conditions for the use of pretreated rice straw in anaerobic digestion were a 6.18-d PT, 2.68% HC (w/w total solid), and 1.08 S/I; these conditions result in a methane yield of 288 mL g-1 volatile solids (VS). A determination coefficient of 95.2% was obtained, indicating that the model used to predict the anabolic digestion process has a favorable fit with the experimental parameters. The determination experiment resulted in a methane yield of 290 mL g-1 VS, 88.0% higher than that of untreated rice straw. Thus, H2O2 pretreatment of rice straw can be used to improve methane yields during biogas production.     

改进的QuEChERS-LC/MS/MS法快速检测蔬菜中7种农药残留

研究建立了蔬菜中农药多残留的快速检测QuEChERS-LC/MS/MS方法,优化了实验方案,样品以0.1%乙酸的乙腈(V/V)作为溶剂,Agilent Bond Elut提取试剂盒对样品进行1 min提取后,用C18和Agilent Bond Elut净化试剂盒净化。结果表明:7种农药的平均回收率为72%～127%,相对标准偏差为1.3%～16.3%,检出限为0.004～0.022 mg·kg^-1。该方法减少了溶剂用量,缩短了检测时间,每个样品溶剂用量仅为20 mL,每个样品的前处理费用大约为30元,一个实验人员每日可以处理50～60个蔬菜样品,真正实现农残的快速、简便、廉价、有效、灵敏、安全检测。     

颗粒大小和几种预处理方法对浒苔厌氧发酵产沼气的影响

近年来,由于生态环境变化和人为等因素,我国东部沿海遭受大规模浒苔侵袭的现象时有发生。开展浒苔的沼气发酵研究,一方面可以使这种优质的大型海藻类生物质原料被合理高效地利用,变废为宝;另一方面可以丰富沼气发酵原材料的种类,达到可再生能源开发的目的。该实验研究了不同颗粒大小（粗粒0.30~0.85 mm、中粒0.15~0.30 mm、细粒0.075~0.15 mm）和碱预处理法、热预处理法、酸预处理法对浒苔在高温条件下发酵产沼气的影响。研究表明,当温度为50 ℃、初始pH为7、接种率为10%、料液总固形物（TS）质量分数为8%的条件下厌氧发酵浒苔,粗粒组、中粒组和细粒组的浒苔挥发性固体（VS）产气率分别为386.9 mL/g、434.4 mL/g、436.5 mL/g。其中,中粒组比粗粒组产气总量提高了12.26%,细粒组比中粒组产气总量提高了0.49%。这说明粒度越小越有利于提高浒苔沼气发酵的利用率;在相同发酵条件下（同上试验）,碱、热、酸预处理组分别比未预处理组产气总量提高13.14%、11.39%和3.63%。其中,碱预处理组的VS产气率最高,为493.3 mL/g,发酵过程中pH也较为稳定。因此,碱预处理法在提高浒苔厌氧发酵的沼气产量方面效果最佳。该研究的成果可为厌氧发酵浒苔生产沼气的工艺研究及生产提供参考。     

A comparative evaluation of the Mississippi soil test method for determining available manganese,magnesium, and calcium

Abstract

Soil Samples (72) were collected from the Delta, Hill, and Northeast Blackland areas of Mississippi. Chemical analyses for manganese, magnesium, and calcium were made using the Mississippi Soil Test Solution (MSTS) and several other extracting solutions chosen for comparison. For the determination of available soil manganese, the MSTS proved to be as effective as either the Double Acid (0.025 N HCl in 0.05 N H₂SO₄) or 0.1 N H₃PO₄. The acid extractants removed more manganese than 1 N NH₄OAc (pH 7.0) and therefore included forms that are not exchangeable. The methods studied for magnesium determinations were equilibrium extraction with 1 N NH₄OAc, MSTS, Double Acid, 0.25 N CaCl₂, and leaching with 1 N NH₄OAc. All methods were highly correlated and therefore would be equally effective in determining available soil magnesium. Since MSTS and equilibrium extraction with 1 N NH₄OAc removed similar amounts of magnesium from the soil, the same calibration can be used. Calcium determinations were made using equilibrium extraction with 1 N NH₄OAc, MSTS, and Double Acid, and by leaching with 1 N NH₄OAc. All methods proved effective in measuring available soil calcium on acid soils.     

小麦秸秆的氨化厌氧发酵工艺及影响因素研究

为了提高小麦秸秆的产气效率,利用4.5%的尿素对其进行氨化预处理,并将预处理后的秸秆进行厌氧发酵,分别研究了氨化时间对预处理效果的影响及在不同温度和原料组分配比下的氨化厌氧发酵过程。结果表明：氨化预处理20d后的秸秆COD溶出量与未添加预处理剂相比增加了95.43%,VS增加9.07%,在第15d时已达20d溶出总量的94.61%,采用扫描电镜（SEM）及视频光学接触角扫描仪（GBX）观察发现,氨化15d已可有效破坏秸秆的纤维结构,增加表面亲水性能;在预处理后的发酵实验中,中温发酵（35℃）显现出明显的产气优势,经40d厌氧发酵TS产气率可达193.8mL.g-1;当发酵原料组分配比为秸秆：牛粪：污泥=1：0.5：0.5（干物质质量比）时,其厌氧发酵的累积产气量最大,达6505mL。