不同寄主植物对舞毒蛾幼虫发育和中肠总蛋白酶的影响

以加杨(Populus canadensis)、旱柳(Salix matsudana)、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelini)和家榆(Ulmus pumi-酶活性及寄主的蛋白质量分数无相关性,取食加杨的舞毒蛾幼虫发育最快,虫体最重,旱柳次之;取食兴安落叶松和家榆的幼虫在3龄以后发育历期延长,虫体质量较轻。幼虫中肠总蛋白酶活性在3龄期因取食不同寄主存在明显差异,4龄后酶活性显著降低,不同寄主间的差异减少。la)饲养舞毒蛾幼虫,研究了不同寄主植物的蛋白营养差异性对幼虫生长发育和中肠总蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明:4种寄主植物可溶性蛋白质量分数由高到低为旱柳、兴安落叶松、加杨和家榆。幼虫生长发育与中肠总蛋白     

三种植物提取物对菟丝子及大豆生长发育和宿主保护酶活性的影响

利用不同浓度的苦楝树皮和叶、隆缘桉叶和乌桕叶的乙醇提取物对菟丝子及其宿主大豆幼苗进行处理,15d后评价三种提取物对菟丝子和大豆幼苗的影响。结果表明：三种提取物在低浓度时对菟丝子及其宿主大豆幼苗生长发育均无显著影响,在高浓度（0.25g/mL）下,桉树叶提取物对大豆和菟丝子的损伤程度分别达到了64%和70%,苦楝树皮提取物对菟丝子损伤程度为78%,但对大豆幼苗仅为7%。桉树叶和苦楝树皮提取物处理均导致大豆叶片超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性升高,最高值分别为相应对照组的2.37倍和2.0倍;但对过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响不同,桉树叶提取物使大豆幼苗POD活性最大值为对照组的2.28倍,而苦楝树皮提取物处理则是CAT活性升高,最大值为对照组的1.58倍,提示桉树叶提取物对大豆较强的伤害作用与其较低的CAT活性有关。     

Holoparasitic Cuscuta campestris suppresses invasive Mikania micrantha and contributes to native community recovery

Traditional biocontrol uses introduced non-native agents to control alien invasive species. Recently, using species of the invaded regions to control invaders has been proposed as a potential alternative to traditional biocontrol. To explore the effects of the obligate parasite Cuscuta campestris in the invaded regions on controlling the alien invasive weed Mikania micrantha and on recovering the heavily invaded communities in the coastal Guangdong Province in South China, we conducted a field survey in four sites on the Neilingding Island where Cuscuta has been artificially introduced to the Mikania-invaded communities for one to 4 years, and also three sites in Shenzhen, Dongguan and Haifeng where the Mikania-invaded communities have been naturally parasitized by Cuscuta for at least 5 years. Cuscuta effectively suppressed the growth and invasiveness of Mikania, leading to its decline. The restraint on Mikania by Cuscuta increased richness and diversity of native plants, contributing to native community recovery. Moreover, Cuscuta declined with decreasing Mikania, and its parasitism rate on Mikania was much higher than that on the native species, suggesting little non-target effects. The effects of Cuscuta varied little among sites of Shenzhen, Dongguan and Haifeng, but increased greatly with time of introduction on the Neilingding Island. Our results suggest that Cuscuta is an effective agent for controlling Mikania, and that enemies of the invaded regions may be a promising alternative to traditional biocontrol.     

Responses of root-feeding nematodes (Helicotylenchus spp.) to local and non-local populations of the host plant Ammophila arenaria

The root-feeding nematode community of wild plants may vary throughout their natural range. Little is known about how the variation of wild plants along their range affects their relationship with root-feeding nematodes. In the present study, we examined local and non-local combinations of host plants and root-feeding nematodes to test the hypothesis that nematode reproduction is favoured by local hosts. In two indoor experiments, we exposed populations of the wild dune grass Ammophila arenaria from northern and southern European coastal sand dunes to plant parasitic nematode species (Helicotylenchus spp.) from those same geographical origins. First, we used the southern nematode species to determine whether the effect of a local versus a non-local host may depend on nematode density. Then, in a cross-inoculation experiment we investigated how both nematode species performed with their local, as compared to the non-local hosts.

In both experiments, plant biomass and ontogenetic characteristics were not significantly different between the northern and southern populations. The applied nematode densities did not have a negative impact on plant performance. This allowed us to consider the response of the two different nematode species and their host plants without co-varying differences in plant responses. Reproduction of the nematode species differed according to host origin, but contrary to what we expected, nematode species did not perform better on their local hosts. Helicotylenchus n. sp., the southern species originating from Portugal, performed better on the non-local than on the local host. Male to female ratios were significantly different between the two nematode populations and were lowest in Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus from The Netherlands. Female and juveniles percentages were also quite distinct, with more females in the nematode species from The Netherlands and more juveniles in the nematode species from Portugal.

We concluded that ectoparasitic root-feeding nematodes Helicotylenchus spp. do not necessarily perform best on their local host population of the foredune grass A. arenaria. Our results imply that the natural distribution of Helicotylenchus spp. along the European coast is determined by other factors than host populations. These other factors that could be abiotic, e.g. water availability, or biotic, e.g. local natural enemies adapted to Helicotylenchus spp. Introducing plant genotypes from other parts of the natural range will, therefore, not necessarily lead to reduced abundance of semi-endo or ectoparasitic root-feeding nematodes.     

葱蝇对寄主植物的选择性研究

采用田间罩笼和盆栽试验的方法研究了葱蝇成虫对4种寄主植物的产卵选择,采用室内培养的方法研究了幼虫对寄主植物的取食选择。结果表明：在4种寄主植物中,田间罩笼试验以洋葱上葱蝇的发生数量最多,其次为大蒜和大葱,韭菜上数量最少|盆栽试验中,葱蝇成虫对4种寄主植物的产卵选择与田间罩笼试验结果一致,均以在洋葱上落卵量最多,韭菜上落卵量最少|葱蝇1龄和3龄幼虫对寄主植物的取食选择,均以选择洋葱的幼虫最多,大葱的次之,韭菜和大蒜上的较少。表明葱蝇成虫的产卵选择是决定葱蝇幼虫在不同寄主植物上发生程度差异的重要因素,诱杀成虫是葱蝇防治的重要措施之一。     

Characterization of a cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) rhizobiophage and its effect on cowpea nodulation and growth

A cowpea rhizobiophage (JRW 3 phage) from Jamaican soil was isolated and characterized. The phage has a polyhedral head and a non-contractile tail; maximum adsorption of the phage to the host occurred after 5 min. A one-step growth experiment revealed that the latent period, rise period and burst size of JRW3 phage were 12 h, 16 h, and 28 plaque-forming units/cell, respectively. The JRW 3 phage was highly sensitive to heat, but survived well between pH 5 and 8. The phage was stable in EDTA, though completely inactivated in sodium citrate. Host range analysis showed that 7 of the 40Rhizobium andBradyrhizobium strains tested were sensitive to phage infection. The phage significantly reduced nodule numbers and shoot dry weight of cowpea plants when inoculated with rhizobia in combination with the phage.     

实蝇类害虫对寄主的选择

实蝇类害虫依据物理、化学、生物及综合因素对寄主进行选择,寄主果实的颜色、气味、成熟度、种类及实蝇害虫本身的生理状态和记忆性在寄主选择上均起作用,而颜色和气味在其中起重要作用。依据实蝇对寄主的上述选择合理设计诱捕器并正确配制引诱剂可对实蝇进行有效的诱捕防治。     

致病疫霉菌RXLR效应蛋白AVR1-like寄主靶标的酵母双杂交筛选

由卵菌病原物致病疫霉菌引起的马铃薯晚疫病是造成马铃薯毁灭性损失的病害。为了筛选致病疫霉菌RXLR效应蛋白AVR1-like(AL)的寄主靶标,以致病疫霉菌88069菌株的DNA为模板,克隆致病疫霉菌效应蛋白AL,并将其成功构建到pGBKT7载体上,形成诱饵载体。将pGADT7和重组诱饵载体共转化到酵母感受态AH109中,检测到诱饵载体无自激活作用。利用酵母双杂交技术以AL为诱饵筛选晚疫病菌侵染12 h后的番茄cDNA文库,初步获得6个候选AL寄主靶标。对6个候选靶标与AL进行一对一互作验证,结果表明其中有5个与诱饵载体强互作,1个弱互作。这些候选寄主靶标包括热休克蛋白同源蛋白、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶蛋白、过氧化物酶体蛋白等。     

基于无线传感器网络的温室控制系统的设计

针对温室环境监控的需要,设计了一种用MSP430作为控制终端的温室控制系统.该系统通过传感器采集信息,然后以无线传送方式将信息发送至主控制器上和上位机.初步测试表明,该系统具有部署方便、可扩展性好等优点,适合在温室环境监控中使用.     

Diversity of heat-stable genotype specific resistance to Meloidogyne in Maranon races of Lycopersicon peruvianum complex

Accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum complex and their F₁progenies were screened for genotype specific resistance to Mi-1-avirulent M. incognita and M. javanica biotypes at25 ^°C and at 32 ^°C (a temperature at which Mi-1resistance is not expressed), and to Mi-1-virulent M.incognita at 25 ^°C. All entries of the L. peruvianumChotano-humifusum race accessions LA2157 and LA2334 were resistantto Mi-1-avirulent biotype at 25 ^°C and at 32 ^°C,indicating that the accessions are homozygous for the heat-stableresistance. The L. peruvianum Maranon race accessions LA1626,LA1708, LA2172, LA2185, LA2326 and LA2328 segregated for heat-stableresistance to Mi-1-avirulent biotype. The F₁ progeny tested ofLA392 × LA2157, LA2334 × LA2157, LA2328 × LA2326,LA2328 × LA2185, LA1708 × LA2328 andLA1626 × LA2172 were resistant to Mi-1-avirulent biotype at32 ^°C. There were differences in the segregating accessions andF₁ hybrids for expression of heat-unstable and heat-stable resistanceto Mi-1-avirulent Meloidogyne spp. The L. peruvianumLA392 and LA2163 and L. chilense LA1968, LA1972, LA2404, LA2405,LA2406, LA2748, LA2930, and the L. peruvianum × L.chilense hybrids were homozygous susceptible with all entries testedsusceptible at 32 ^°C. Cuttings of these L. peruvianumaccessions and their F₁ progenies were susceptible to Mi-1-virulent M. incognita biotype at 25 ^°C.